Systems and techniques for generating scent

ABSTRACT

Described herein are systems and techniques for generating odor impressions of scents. Some embodiments provide odor impressions in an extended reality (XR) environment (e.g., virtual reality (VR) and/or augmented reality (AR)). The system determines spatial characteristics of an odor impression that is to be generated in the XR environment. The system generates one or more commands for generating the odor impression based on the spatial characteristics. The system transmits the command(s) to a controller for execution. The controller may control dispersal of scented media to generate the odor impression.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of and claims priority under35 U.S.C. § 120 U.S. to U.S. application Ser. No. 16/871,447, filed May11, 2020, titled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING OLFACTORY STIMULI”,which is a Continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 toU.S. application Ser. No. 16/219,028, filed Dec. 13, 2018, entitled“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING OLFACTORY STIMULI”, which is aNon-Provisional of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) to U.S.Application Ser. No. 62/598,357, filed Dec. 13, 2017, entitled “SYSTEMAND METHOD FOR GENERATING OLFACTORY STIMULI”. This application is aNon-Provisional of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) to U.S.Application Ser. No. 62/905,936, filed Sep. 25, 2019, titled“ARCHITECTURE OF SCENT SOFTWARE FRAMEWORK AND API PROCESS”, and to U.S.Provisional Patent Appl. No. 62/905,916, filed Sep. 25, 2019, titled“AEROSOL MIXING SYSTEM FOR SCENTED MEDIUM”. The entire contents of theseapplications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to computer-based generation ofvirtual scent experiences. For example, techniques described herein maybe used to create virtual scent experiences in a virtual reality (VR)environment.

BACKGROUND

Virtual reality (VR) provides a computer-generated virtual environmentfor a user. The user may experience realistic sensations in the virtualenvironment. VR systems may be implemented on devices such as video gamesystems and computers. A user may interact in a VR environment through aVR device. For example, a user may view and experience a virtual realityenvironment through VR goggles.

SUMMARY

The production of scent and human ability to perceive it, interpret itand act upon it is an extremely complex biological mechanism. Humansense of smell is, evolutionarily speaking, the oldest sense and theonly one of the senses directly linked to the limbic system of the brainwhich is the system that is responsible for memory and emotion. Althoughmodern humans rely more heavily on vision than our ancestors, humans'sense of smell it is one of the many senses we have that allow us tounderstand and navigate the world. But how do we interpret the trillionsof scents bombarding us 24 hours a day and make sense of them? Accordingto some aspects, an approach has been developed that simplifies thebrain's natural system for interpreting scents and expresses the systeminto two languages: one for humans, one for computers, and an API thatlets them communicate. In some embodiments, there are provided threemodalities used to approximate natural human olfaction; proximity-basedalgorithms, intensity protocol, and a spectrum of odorant appeal.According to some embodiments, a computer system may be programmed torelease odorant according to these different modalities.

As described further below, according to some aspects, an architectureof scent (AOS) is provided. As can be appreciated, there are manydifferent ways and methods to classify and categorize odors and odorantsand these fall in two primary modalities. The first is biochemical.Odorants act on our bodies in a very predictable manner that can bedefined and measured scientifically and empirically. The second is howour brains perceive this biochemical stimulation and the influence ithas on our cognition and behavior. At each phase of classification, thisbehavior is captured in a model. A computer system (e.g., an AR/VRcomputer system) may be programmed to release scent in a mannerconsistent with these different modalities. In particular, scent may bereleased by a computer system at different intensities, times, and invarious patterns according to an architecture of scent. In such asystem, interfaces (e.g., an API) may be provided to permit an entity tocontrol the release of scent by a computer system to a user.

According to one aspect, a system for generating odor impressions for auser in an extended reality (XR) environment is provided. The systemcomprises: a processor; a memory storing instructions that, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the processor to perform a scentgenerating function comprising: determine spatial characteristics of anodor impression that is to be generated in the XR environment; generateat least one command for generating the odor impression based on thespatial characteristics; and transmit the at least one command to acontroller, wherein the at least one command, when executed by thecontroller, causes the controller to generate the odor impression forthe user in the XR environment.

According to one embodiment, determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining an odorant component in the XRenvironment. According to one embodiment, the odorant componentcomprises virtual geometry in the XR environment. According to oneembodiment, the virtual geometry is invisible to the user in the XRenvironment. According to one embodiment, determining spatialcharacteristics of the odor impression comprises determining one or moredimensions of the virtual geometry; and generating the at least onecommand comprises determining a scent intensity based on the one or moredimensions of the virtual geometry. According to one embodiment, theodorant component comprises a function for calculating a scalar; andgenerating the at least one command comprises: using the function todetermine the scalar; and determining a scent intensity based on thescalar.

According to one embodiment, determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining an indication of scent diffusiondirection from a scent generating asset in the XR environment; andgenerating the at least one command comprises determining a scentintensity based on the indication of scent diffusion direction.

According to one embodiment, determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining a measure of proximity of the userto a scent-generating asset in the XR environment; and generating the atleast one command comprises determining a scent intensity based on themeasure of proximity of the user to the scent-generating asset in the XRenvironment. According to one embodiment, generating the at least onecommand for generating the odor impression based on the spatialcharacteristics comprises: determining, based on the spatialcharacteristics, a scent intensity to be output to the user; andencoding the scent intensity in the at least one command.

According to one embodiment, generating the at least one commandcomprises encoding an identification of at least one scent to be outputin the at least one command. According to one embodiment, the XRenvironment comprises an environment of a virtual reality (VR) system, amultimedia system, an entertainment system, a fragrance delivery system,a reactive chemistry system, an advertising system, a medicine deliverysystem, and/or a skin care system.

According to another aspect, a method for generating odor impressions inan extended reality (XR) environment is provided. The method comprises:using a processor to perform a scent generating function comprising:determining spatial characteristics of an odor impression that is to begenerated in the XR environment; generating at least one command forgenerating the odor impression based on the determined spatialcharacteristics; and transmitting the at least one command to acontroller, wherein the at least one command, when executed by thecontroller, causes the controller to generate the odor impression forthe user in the XR environment.

According to one embodiment, determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining an odorant component in the XRenvironment, wherein the odorant component comprises virtual geometry inthe XR environment. According to one embodiment, determining spatialcharacteristics of the odor impression comprises determining one or moredimensions of the virtual geometry; and generating the at least onecommand comprises determining a scent intensity based on the one or moredimensions of the virtual geometry.

According to one embodiment, determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining a measure of proximity of the userto a scent-generating asset in the XR environment; and generating the atleast one command comprises determining a scent intensity based on themeasure of proximity of the user to the scent-generating asset.According to one embodiment, determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining an indication of scent diffusiondirection from a scent generating asset in the XR environment; andgenerating the at least one command comprises determining a scentintensity based on the indication of scent diffusion direction.

According to another aspect, a computer-readable storage medium forgenerating odor impressions in an extended reality (XR) environment isprovided. The computer-readable storage medium stores instructions that,when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform a scentgenerating function comprising: determining spatial characteristics ofan odor impression that is to be generated in the XR environment;generating at least one command for generating the odor impression basedon the determined spatial characteristics; and transmitting the at leastone command to a controller, wherein the at least one command, whenexecuted by the controller, causes the controller to generate the odorimpression for the user in the XR environment.

According to another aspect, a system for generating odor impressions isprovided. The system comprises; a memory storing instructions; aprocessor; a plurality of scent generators comprising respective scentedmediums; and a controller coupled to the plurality of scent generators;wherein: the instructions, when executed by the processor, cause theprocessor to perform a scent generating function comprising: generate atleast one command for generating an odor impression of a scent; andtransmit the at least one command to the controller; and the controlleris configured to: control one or more of the plurality of scentgenerators according to the at least one command to generate the odorimpression of the scent.

According to one embodiment, generating the at least one commandcomprises encoding one or more scent intensities in the at least onecommand. According to one embodiment, generating the at least onecommand comprises encoding a duration for each of the one or more scentintensities in the at least one command. According to one embodiment,generating the at least one command comprises encoding an identificationof the scent in the at least one command.

According to one embodiment, controlling the one or more of theplurality of scent generators to generate the odor impression comprises:generating one or more control signals for the one or more scentgenerators according to the at least one command; and inputting the oneor more control signals to the one or more scent generators. Accordingto one embodiment, the one or more scent generators comprise at leasttwo scent generators.

According to one embodiment, the controller comprises a driver elementconfigured to translate the at least one command into one or moreelectrical signals to control the one or more scent generators.According to one embodiment, the plurality of scent generators comprisea plurality of aerosol generators. According to one embodiment, thecontroller is configured to: store instructions for generating thescent; and control the one or more scent generators to generate the odorimpression of the scent by executing the instructions for generating thescent.

According to another aspect, a system is provided. The system comprises:a plurality of aerosol generators, each of which is associated with adifferent base scented medium; and a controller for interpreting anencoded command, the command identifying a unique odor impression to berendered, wherein the command includes an identification of acombination of at least two of the plurality of aerosol generators,wherein the controller is configured to translating the command intocontrol signals for activating the at least two of the plurality ofaerosol generators to render the unique odor impression.

According to one embodiment, the command includes an identification of apattern of activation of the at least two of the plurality of aerosolgenerators. According to one embodiment, the command includes anidentification of a duration of activation of the at least two of theplurality of aerosol generators. According to one embodiment, thecommand includes a unique digital code that identifies the unique odorimpression. According to one embodiment, the system further comprises adriver element configured to translate the unique digital code intoelectrical signals that activate the at least two of the plurality ofaerosol generators.

According to one embodiment, the controller is configured to determine aset of unique control signals for activating the plurality of aerosolgenerators to render a plurality of unique odor impressions that aregreater than 1 trillion unique odor impressions. According to oneembodiment, the system of claim 1 is part of and/or used in conjunctionwith at least one of a group comprising: an XR, VR or AR system; amultimedia system and/or application; an entertainment system and/orapplication; a fragrance delivery system; a reactive chemistryapplication; an advertising system and/or application; a medicinedelivery system; and a skin care system or application.

According to another aspect, a system is provided. The system comprises:one or more scent generators adapted to generate one or more scents tobe perceived by a user, the scent generators being capable of beingcontrolled by a computer system; controlling a generation of the one ormore scents according to a predetermined architecture of scent function;and providing a computer-based interface that permits the computersystem to release the one or more scents responsive to the architectureof scent function.

According to one embodiment, the one or more scent generators arecontrolled to release scent automatically responsive to actionsperformed within an AR/VR environment. According to one embodiment, theone or more scent generators are controlled to release scentautomatically responsive to a proximity to a scent-generating assetwithin the AR/VR environment.

According to another aspect, a computer-readable medium storinginstructions is provided. The instructions, when executed on bycomputer, cause the computer to perform a method comprising: providing acomputer-based interface to one or more entities, the interfaceincluding at least one software function that, when executed, controls aplurality of scent generators to render a desired scent.

According to one embodiment, the computer-based interface furthercomprises an interface that receives an encoded information identifyinga unique scent. According to one embodiment, the method furthercomprises an act of generating the unique scent, by the plurality ofscent generators, responsive to executing the function and receiving ofthe encoded information.

In some embodiments described above, processes are provided fordeveloping scented media (e.g., liquids) in an architecture of scent.For instance, scented media such as scented liquids may be vaporized byone or more systems. For example, such scented liquids may be vaporizedby one or more systems shown and discussed below which show varioussystems, methods and elements used to vaporize scented liquids in one ormore applications.

Historically, there have been many attempts at providing scents invarious environments, such as theaters, computer environments, amongother situations and locations. However, many of these technologiesfailed to reach widespread adoption. Also, some attempts have been madeto extend scents technology to virtual reality environments, however, itis appreciated that there is no common device available that is capableof rendering scents in such environments. According to some embodiments,a device is provided that is capable of rendering scent stimuli withinan augmented and/or virtual reality environment, or any other type ofcomputer-based application.

Such a device, according to some embodiments, may be provided as acompanion device or may be fully embedded in an extended reality (XR)(e.g., virtual reality (VR) or augmented/altered reality (AR) headsetsystem (e.g., the well-known HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Microsoft HoloLens,HTC's Gear VR among other devices and/or systems). The device, may, insome embodiments include a controller (or other type of processor) thatis capable of communicating with a game (or content delivery) engine,operating system (e.g., Windows mixed reality, Google daydream) or othertype of content delivery processor that produces AR and/or VR content.

In some embodiments, the device, sometimes referred to herein as an OVR(olfactory virtual reality) device or system that provides olfactorystimuli, may include an aerosol generator or AG device for producingvaporized media to render scents. The AG device may include, forexample, a piezoelectric vibration device that is used to produce scentscorresponding to actions performed in a VR or AR environment. That is,in some implementations, a user interacts with one or more game elementswithin a game program being executed by the game engine, and responsiveto the interaction, the game engine may communicate a series of commandsthat cause a piezoelectric device of the OVR device to generate scentsto be experienced by the user. According to some embodiments, the gameengine is coupled to the OVR device via one or more communicationchannels such as a wireless interface (e.g., Bluetooth, WiFi, etc.). Thegame engine (or other type of content producer) may communicate with theOVR device using a stream of serial data, which when received by the OVRdevice, may be translated to scent commands that operate one or morepiezoelectric elements of the OVR device.

In some embodiments, the OVR device further includes one or moredetachable elements (e.g., a vessel or other element type) that eachcontain a scent module. The detachable scent modules may, in someembodiments, include one or more scents that can be controlled by thegame engine. There could be any number of small scent modules, eachassociated with a separate piezoelectric element that can be addressedand used to render a scent to the user. The scent modules may beconstructed using an element that contains one or more scents, which canbe in the form of liquid, gel or solid scent media.

In some embodiments, the microcontroller or other processor typecontrols an amplitude of a piezoelectric device which in turn controlsairflow that interacts with a corresponding detachable scent module. Thevolume of scent delivered to the user's olfactory organs are controlledmore accurately using such a control. Also, in some embodiments, alarger range of rendered scent strengths may be produced as a result.

In some embodiments, there may be one or more stages of piezo elementsused to render scent information. As discussed further below, someelements may be used to provide fine control of the outputs of specificscents, while other elements may be used to perform primarily airflowmovement, alone or in addition to fan elements or other air movingdevices. In some embodiments, the piezo elements may or may not haveseparate vessels that contain the scent media. In some instances, thepiezo elements may come preloaded with scent media. Some types of piezoelements may provide a replaceable form of scent media, such as a wick,insert or other media-containing element. In some embodiments, the piezodriven device vibrates liquid through a fine mesh to an output anaerosol or other atomized output to the user's nose.

The piezo driven aerosol generator (AG) may take many forms, such asdevices using vibrating mesh technology (VMT). For example, aring-shaped piezo device formed around a plate with aperture holeshaving specified sizes may be used to vibrate a liquid into a fine mistthat is dispersed in the air surrounding a user's nose. Such plates maybe, in some embodiments, flat or formed (domed). In some embodiments andapplication types, the size of the holes may be less than 10 microns.

Other piezo-type devices may be used, such as tubes of various shapesand sizes that have a piezo element surface attached to a tube surface,and which is arranged to vibrate and force the liquid into a mistthrough an aperture plate having holes. It should be appreciated thatother arrangements and types of piezo elements may be used.

In some embodiments, an arrangement of piezo elements (e.g., an array)may be used to provide scent information to a user. Such arrangementsmay be directly addressable via a controller or other device to controleach of the piezo elements. Some embodiments use an array of piezoelements positioned near the nose to provide scent output directly tothe user.

In some embodiments, a chamber may be formed near or around the user'snose to permit the user to receive the outputs of the piezo elements.The chamber may be formed, for example, using a housing thatsubstantially surrounds the user's nose and that directs outputs of thepiezo elements towards the user's nose. In some embodiments, the housingmay be adapted to be mounted to an underside of an existing headsetdevice.

According to some embodiments, the device includes a plurality ofpiezoelectric elements that are capable of being operated within anumber of variable states. Such states may be controlled by a processorsuch as a microcontroller. The piezoelectric elements may operate aspumps that can be used to drive scents within channels that can bepositioned near the user's nose. In some embodiments, these channels maybe configured in a variety of configurations using, for example, tubesor conduit, air reservoirs, vessels, and other physical constructs toobtain a system that disperses sent into or near the user's nose.

As discussed, the OVR device may include a processor and a serial inputthat receives an output provided by the game engine or other computingentity (e.g., other programs, systems, etc.). In some embodiments, anapplication programming interface (API) may be provided as aprogrammatic interface by which games and other external programs may beused to control and deliver scent information. By transmitting certainsequences of commands, the OVR device may be capable of delivering ascent output by controlling delivery of the variety of scented mediumcontained within the vessels. The variety of scented medium can bedispersed singularly or in combination to achieve a realistic sense ofan object or environment. In some embodiments, the vessels can bedesigned to contain the different scented media in liquid, solid or evengel form. The vessels may also contain certain functionality oridentifiers that allow them to be identified to the OVR system (e.g.,what type of scent, level of media, etc.). In some embodiments,different combinations of vessels may be associated with different gameformats. In some embodiments, each vessel is intended to be changed outwhen the scented media is depleted.

As discussed above, the device, according to some embodiments, may beprovided as a companion device or may be fully embedded in a VirtualReality (VR) or Altered Reality (AR) headset system. According to someembodiments, coupling devices are provided to attach the OVR device tovarious headset systems, such that outputs of the OVR device arepositioned near the user's nose. In other embodiments, the OVR devicefeatures may be fully incorporated within the headset system. In oneimplementation of a fully integrated system, commands used to controlOVR functions are integrated within the headset inputs provided by thegame engine. In other embodiments, it is appreciated that such an OVRdevice may be integrated with other inputs and outputs, such as bloodpressure monitors, haptic feedback devices, heartrate monitors, eyemovement monitors or other devices.

In some embodiments, an atomizer is provided for dispensing liquids intothe air. In some implementations, a device is provided for generatingatomized fluid specifically, but not exclusively, for production ofsmall droplets of scented oil and other fluid-based fragrances, amongother types of liquids. In some embodiments, the device comprises a tubehaving a proximal opening and a distal opening, wherein media inside thetube is forced out of the proximal opening via an aperture plate.

In some embodiments, the tube further includes at least onepiezoelectric element (e.g., a plate) that is attached to a face of thetube. The device further includes an aperture plate that is attached tothe proximal end of the tube whereas the distal end of the tube isconnected to a fluid supply source for supplying fluid through the tubeto aperture plate at the proximal end of the tube. In some embodiments,the aperture plate includes a plurality of conical apertures that extendthrough the thickness of the plate.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a tube having a proximalopening and a distal opening, wherein fluid enters the distal end and isforced out of the proximal opening via an aperture plate. In someembodiments, fluid may be existing within the tube and/or added via thedistal end, such as by a mechanism to add fluid as the device operatesand forces the fluid out. In some embodiments, the device is providedwith the fluid located within the tube.

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided comprising aprocessor, at least one piezoelectric element controllably coupled tothe processor, one or more scented media, and an interface adapted toreceive one or more commands from an external content processor, whereinthe processor is configured to, responsive to the received one or morecommands, control the at least one piezoelectric element to deliver anoutput scent using the one or more scented media.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises one or more vesselsthat contain respective ones of the one or more scented media. In someembodiments, the one or more vessels each includes a correspondingpiezoelectric element that are controllably coupled to the processor. Insome embodiments, the one or more commands includes at least one commandthat selectively controls an identified piezoelectric element to rendera specific scent. In some embodiments, the one or more command includesa plurality of commands that selectively control more than onepiezoelectric element to render a blended scent.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a programmableinterface through which the external content processor may control theat least one piezoelectric element. In some embodiments, the one or morecommands each specified a duration and intensity value associated with arespective scent. In some embodiments, the system further comprises ahousing, the housing comprising a physical coupling to a headset capableof being worn by a user.

In some embodiments, the system includes hardware that delivers anolfactory output to the user, wherein the physical coupling positionsthe olfactory output of the system proximate to the user's nose. In someembodiments, the processor, the at least one piezoelectric element, theone or more scented media and the interface are part of a VR or ARdevice. In some embodiments, the one or more vessels that containrespective ones of the one or more scented media are detachable from thesystem.

In some embodiments, the commands from an external content processor arecommunicated responsive to an interaction of a user in an AR or VRrealm. In some embodiments, the external content processor communicatesproximity information to the system responsive to the user's interactionwith one or more elements in the AR or VR realm.

In some embodiments, the at least one piezoelectric element comprises atube having a proximal opening and a distal opening, an aperture elementcoupled to the proximal opening of the tube, the aperture element havingat least one aperture, a piezoelectric element attached to a surface ofthe tube, the piezoelectric element adapted to receive an electricalsignal that causes the piezoelectric element to vibrate and induce awave along a length of the tube that forces a medium through the atleast one aperture. In some embodiments, the tube is at least one of across-sectional shape of a square, a triangle, a polygon, a rectangleand a circle. In some embodiments, the tube is adapted to receive themedium through the distal opening. In some embodiments, the mediumincludes at least one of a solid, a liquid and a gel. In someembodiments, the tube is adapted to receive a wick element that deliversa liquid medium to be dispersed. In some embodiments, the piezoelectricelement forms a unimorph element with the tube.

According to some aspects, a computer-implemented method is providedcomprising acts of receiving, via an interface of a scent generatingdevice, a data element defining at least one scent to be rendered,processing, by a processor coupled to the interface, the received dataelement, controlling, responsive to processing the received dataelement, at least one piezoelectric element to deliver an output scentidentified by the received data element. In some embodiments, the scentrendering device includes a plurality of scented media, and wherein thereceived data element uniquely identifies the output scent among theplurality of scented media to be rendered.

In some embodiments, the data element forms a stream of data, and themethod further comprises an act of processing a received stream of data,the stream of data defining a plurality of scents to be rendered. Insome embodiments, the a data element defining the at least one scent tobe rendered defines a duration and an intensity value associated withthe at least one scent to be rendered, and wherein the method furthercomprises controlling, responsive to processing the received dataelement, at least one piezoelectric element to deliver an output scentresponsive to the defined duration and an intensity value associatedwith the at least one scent to be rendered. In some embodiments, thedata element defining the at least one scent to be rendered defines astart command, and wherein the method further comprises an act ofprocessing, by the processor responsive to the start command, one ormore scent rendering commands defined by the data element.

Still other aspects, examples, and advantages of these exemplary aspectsand examples, are discussed in detail below. Moreover, it is to beunderstood that both the foregoing information and the followingdetailed description are merely illustrative examples of various aspectsand examples, and are intended to provide an overview or framework forunderstanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects andexamples. Any example disclosed herein may be combined with any otherexample in any manner consistent with at least one of the objects, aims,and needs disclosed herein, and references to “an example,” “someexamples,” “an alternate example,” “various examples,” “one example,”“at least one example,” “this and other examples” or the like are notnecessarily mutually exclusive and are intended to indicate that aparticular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connectionwith the example may be included in at least one example. Theappearances of such terms herein are not necessarily all referring tothe same example.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Various aspects of at least one example are discussed below withreference to the accompanying figures, which are not intended to bedrawn to scale. The figures are included to provide an illustration anda further understanding of the various aspects and examples, and areincorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, but are notintended as a definition of the limits of a particular example. Thedrawings, together with the remainder of the specification, serve toexplain principles and operations of the described and claimed aspectsand examples. In the figures, each identical or nearly identicalcomponent that is illustrated in various figures is represented by alike numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may belabeled in every figure. In the figures:

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a distributed computer system capable ofimplementing various aspects;

FIG. 2 shows an example olfactory stimulus system according to someembodiments;

FIG. 3 shows another example olfactory stimulus system according to someembodiments;

FIG. 4 shows an example olfactory stimulus system physical configurationaccording to various embodiments;

FIG. 5 shows an example control system according to various embodiments;

FIG. 6 shows example scent classification information that may be usedaccording to various aspects;

FIG. 7 shows an example process for rendering scent informationaccording to various aspects;

FIGS. 8A-B shows example data formats for communicating scentinformation according to various embodiments;

FIG. 9 shows an example software architecture according to someembodiments;

FIG. 10 shows an example device that may be used to render scentaccording to some embodiments;

FIG. 11 shows an example device that may use one or more devices torender various scents according to some embodiments;

FIG. 12 shows another device that many be used to render various scentsaccording to some embodiments;

FIGS. 13A-13D show a device for generating atomized fluid according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 14 shows an alternative control system according to someembodiments;

FIG. 15 shows another alternative control system according to someembodiments;

FIGS. 16A-16E show various views of an example olfactory stimulus systemaccording to some embodiments;

FIGS. 17A-17B show a device for generating atomized fluid according tosome embodiments;

FIG. 18 shows a more detailed view of an element including a tubeassembly according to some embodiments;

FIG. 19 shows an example process for rendering an odor impressionaccording to some embodiments;

FIG. 20 shows an example process for executing an odor impressioncommand according to some embodiments;

FIG. 21 shows an example process for generating a command for rending anodor impression command according to some embodiments;

FIG. 22 shows an example depiction of generating virtual geometry in anXR environment according to some embodiments;

FIG. 23 shows scent intensity with respect to time for various proximityalgorithms according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 24A-B show views of an example odorant component with sphericalgeometry, according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 25A-B show views of an example odorant component with boxgeometry, according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 26A-B show views of an example odorant component with conegeometry, according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 27A-B show views of an example odorant component with multiplespherical particle geometry, according to some embodiments;

FIGS. 28A-B show views of an example odorant component with expandingspherical geometry, according to some embodiments; and

FIG. 29 shows a view of an olfactory epithelium located proximate anodorant component, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inventors have recognized that the human sense of smell is anessential mechanism through which humans experience the world. Forexample, in a computer-generated extended reality (XR) environment(e.g., a virtual reality (VR) environment), the sense of smell may be amechanism through which a user experiences the XR reality. The inventorshave further recognized that production of scent and human perception ofscent are complex biological mechanisms. Conventional techniques forcreating scent experiences may not reflect how scent is produced nor howhumans perceive scent. For example, conventional techniques of creatingscent experiences may not accurately model how scent is dispersed in anenvironment, nor how a human would experience the scent in theenvironment. As a result, an XR system employing conventional techniquesmay not provide users with a realistic experience.

Accordingly, the inventors have developed systems and techniques forgenerating scent experiences that more closely reflect physicalproduction of scent and human perception of scent. A generated scentexperience may be referred to herein as an “odor impression”. Describedherein are techniques of computer-based generation of odor impressions.For example, techniques described herein may be implemented in an XRsystem (e.g., a VR system) to provide users with realistic experiencesof scent in an XR environment (e.g., a virtual reality). Thecomputer-based techniques described herein may be referred to as“architecture of scent (AOS).”

In embodiments of techniques described herein, a computer system maydetermine spatial characteristics of an odor impression that is to begenerated (e.g., in an XR environment). For example, the system may (1)identify a scent generating asset in a virtual reality environment; and(2) determine spatial characteristics of an odor impression thatprovides a scent experience from the scent generating asset. The systemmay generate a command for generating the odor impression based on thedetermined spatial characteristics. The system may transmit the commandto a controller. The command, when executed by the controller, may causethe controller to disperse scented media according to the command togenerate the odor expression.

In some embodiments, the system may determine spatial characteristics ofan odor impression to be rendered (e.g., in an XR environment) bydetermining one or more odorant components that are to be generated inthe XR environment for the scent generating asset. An odorant componentmay comprise virtual geometry that represents scent from the scentgenerating asset in the XR environment. The virtual geometry may providea computerized model of scent in the XR environment. The system uses thevirtual geometry to generate an odor expression for a user.

Describes herein are embodiments of a system for generating odorimpressions. The system includes multiple scent generators (e.g.,aerosol generators) that have respective scented mediums. The system mayinclude a controller that may control the scent generators to generate(e.g., render) odor impressions. The system may generate one or morecommands for generating an odor impression of a scent. The systemtransmits the generated command(s) to the controller. The controllercontrols one or more of the scent generators according to the command(s)to generate the odor impression of the scent. The system may generate anodor impression of a scent by controlling multiple scent generators todisperse multiple scented mediums that, when experienced by a user(e.g., at the user's olfactory epithelium), may render the odorimpression of the scent. For example, the combination of a first andsecond scents of the disperse scented mediums may result in an odorimpression of the scent.

According to some implementations, a system is provided that is capableof rendering scent information to a user. For instance, it isappreciated that are no adequate commercially-available devices capableof rendering scent information in an AR or VR environment. Inparticular, according to some embodiments, it is appreciated that itwould be beneficial to have a device that could be used with existing ARor VR headsets to render scent information to a user. Such scentinformation may be rendered by a game engine responsive to activitiesperformed or experienced within the AR or VR realm. In otherembodiments, such functionality may be incorporated within such headsetdevices.

FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a distributed computer system 100capable of implementing various aspects. In particular, distributedsystem 100 includes a game system 101, and olfactory stimulus system102, and optional separate VR/AR hardware 103. The combination of theolfactory stimulus system 102 (and optionally the VR/AR hardware 103)may be used to communicate information to a user 113. Although theolfactory stimulus system 102 is shown separate from the game system 101in the example embodiment of FIG. 1, in some embodiment, components ofthe olfactory stimulus system 102 and game system 101 may be shared. Forexample, software components (e.g., the architecture of scent softwareframework) of the olfactory stimulus system 102 may be implemented aspart of the game system 101.

Game system 101 may be any suitable computer system. As shown in theexample of FIG. 1, the game system 101 includes a game program 112, agame engine 111, game content 110, and a communication interface 109.Game system 101 may use the game engine 111 which may include forexample, any processors, code, and development platform used to writegame programs (e.g., game program 112). Notably, according to variousembodiments, game programs 112 may include interface through which theycan communicate with the olfactory stimulus system 102. Such interfacesmay include, for instance, an application programming interface (API)that defines commands and data structures for controlling the olfactorystimulus system 102. Further, game system 101 may include one or morecommunication interfaces 109 which can be used to communicate to system102. Such interfaces may include, for example, wired or wirelesscommunication interfaces.

In some embodiments, the game engine 111 may generate game content 110.For example, the game engine 111 may use the game program 112 togenerate the game content 110. In some embodiments, the game content 110may include information about a game being played by the user 113. Inone example, the game content 110 may include information about an XRenvironment (e.g., a virtual reality) that is generated by the gameengine 111. The game content 110 may include information about objectsand/or actions occurring in the XR environment. For example, the gamecontent 110 may include information identifying objects in the XRenvironment, movement in the XR environment (e.g., by the user and/orother objects therein), a position of the user 113 in the XRenvironment, and/or other information. In some embodiments the gamesystem 101 may be configured to communicate information from the gamecontent 110 to the olfactory system 102 (e.g., for use in generatingodor impressions in a game).

As shown in the example of FIG. 1, the game system 101 includes acommunication interface 109. The communication interface 109 may be usedby the game system 101 to communicate with the olfactory stimulus system102. In some embodiments, the communication interface 109 may comprisehardware for communicating with the olfactory stimulus system 102. Forexample, the communication interface 109 may comprise a networkinterface device for communicating with the olfactory system 102. Insome embodiments, the communication interface 109 may comprise asoftware interface for communicating with the olfactory stimulus system102. For example, the communication interface 109 may be an applicationprogram interface (API) for communicating with a software component ofthe olfactory stimulus system 102. The API may include one or moremethods, classes, and/or properties for use by the game system 101 tocommunicate with the olfactory stimulus system 102. In some embodiments,the game system 101 may use the communication interface 109 to transmitinformation to the olfactory stimulus system 102. The game system 101may use the communication interface 109 to obtain (e.g., receive)information from the olfactory stimulus system 102.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may include asoftware framework that is used by the game system 101 for indicatingscent (e.g., in an XR environment). The software framework may also bereferred to herein as architecture of scent framework. For example, thearchitecture of scent framework may be added to the game engine 111 ofthe game system 101. As an illustrative example, the game engine 111 maybe the Unity game engine developed by Unity Technologies. Thearchitecture of scent framework may be added as a plugin to the Unitygame engine to provide the game engine with a mechanism to representscent in an environment (e.g., an XR environment) generated by the gameengine 111.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may provideodorant components for use in the game system 101. The odorantcomponents are computer-based representations of scent that may be usedby the olfactory stimulus system 102 to generate odor impressions. Insome embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may provide a set ofpredefined odorant components that may be used by the game system 101.Each of the odorant components may represent different types of scentdispersal. For example, a first odorant component may represent ambientscent in an environment, while a second odorant component may representa burst of scent (e.g., when a user first smells garbage). Examples ofodorant components are described herein with reference to FIGS. 24A-28B.In some embodiments, the odorant components may be provided as softwareobjects that can be used by software code of the game system 101. Forexample, each odorant component may be class that can be used toinstantiate an object by software code of the game system 101. The gamesystem 101 may use the odorant components to generate a virtualrepresentation of scent in an XR environment. For example, the gamesystem 101 may include software code that instantiates odorant componentsoftware objects for scent generating assets in the XR environment.

In some embodiments, an odorant component may comprise virtual geometrythat spatially represent scent in an XR environment. Different odorantcomponents may have different geometry. For example, a first odorantcomponent may have spherical geometry, and a second odorant componentmay have cone geometry. Examples of geometry of various odorantcomponents are described herein with reference to FIGS. 24A-28B. In someembodiments, an odorant component may comprise one or more parameters.The parameter(s) may include geometric dimensions, maximum scentintensity, scalar functions, effusion rate, rate of decay, and/or scentidentification.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate odorimpressions for a user. The odor impression may provide the user with ascent experience while the user is interacting with an XR environmentprovided by the game system 101. In some embodiments, the olfactorystimulus system 102 may generate an odor impression by determiningspatial characteristics of the odor impression. The olfactory system 102may determine spatial characteristics of the odor impression bydetermining odorant components in the XR environment (e.g., generated bysoftware code of the game system 101 using an architecture of scentframework provided by the olfactory stimulus system 102). The olfactorystimulus system 102 may obtain (e.g., from the game system 101) anindication of one or more odorant components in the XR environment. Theolfactory stimulus system 102 may use the indication of the odorantcomponent(s) to determine spatial characteristics of the odorexpression. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may determinea spatial region in which scent is to be experienced according togeometry of an odorant component. The olfactory stimulus system 102 maygenerate an odor impression based on a user's interaction with thegeometry. The olfactory stimulus system 102 may use parameter(s) of theodorant component (e.g., geometric dimensions, effusion rate, and/orother parameters) to generate the odor impression.

As an illustrative example, a user may smell a flower in an XRenvironment. An odorant component may be output in the XR environmentrepresenting scent from the flower. The olfactory stimulus system 102may determine spatial characteristics of an odor expression to begenerated to create an experience of scent for the flower. The olfactorystimulus system 102 may determine the spatial characteristics from theodorant component output by the game engine 111. The spatialcharacteristics may include a region in which the scent is experienced,and direction of scent dispersal.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may determinespatial characteristics of an odor impression by determining a measureof proximity of a user to scent-generating asset(s) in an XRenvironment. A user may be represented in the XR environment by anolfactory epithelium object (also referred to herein as “olfactoryepithelium). The olfactory epithelium may represent a user's nose in theXR environment. The olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate an odorimpression using the measure of proximity of the user to a scentgenerating asset. In some embodiments, the measure of proximity may be adistance between the user and the scent-generating asset in the XRenvironment. In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 maydetermine scent intensity by determining a location of the user inrelation to virtual geometry of one or more odorant components. Forexample, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may determine a distance ofthe user from a surface of the virtual geometry. As another example, theolfactory stimulus system 102 may determine an angle of the userrelative to the virtual geometry.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate anodor impression by determining an intensity of one or more scents to bedispersed. The olfactory stimulus system 102 may determine the intensityof the scent(s) to generate an odor impression having the determinedspatial characteristics. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102may determine an intensity of a scent by determining (1) whether theuser is within the boundary of virtual geometry of an odorant component;and/or (2) a position of the user relative to dimensions of the virtualgeometry. The system may determine whether the user is within theboundary of virtual geometry using a measure of proximity of the user toa scent generating asset that the virtual geometry is associated with.Examples of how the olfactory stimulus system 102 may determineintensity of scent(s) are described herein with reference to FIGS.24A-28B.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate oneor more commands to generate an odor impression having the determinedspatial characteristics. The olfactory stimulus system 102 may transmitthe command(s) to a controller (e.g., processor 104) configured tocontrol the piezoelectric device 105 for execution (e.g., to controldispersal of scented media 107 using the delivery hardware 106). In someembodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate thecommand(s) by encoding one or more intensity values for one or morescents to be output (e.g., using delivery hardware 106) in a command.The olfactory stimulus system 102 may encode the intensity value(s) in acommand data structure. For example, the intensity value(s) may beencoded in a message that is to be sent to the controller. The olfactorystimulus system 102 may encode an identification of a scent to beoutputted as indicated by the encoded intensity value(s). In someembodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may encode one or moredurations for the intensity value(s) in the command(s). For example, theolfactory stimulus system 102 may encode a duration for each intensityvalue. Example command data structures are described herein.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may transmitcommands to a controller (e.g., processor 104). The command(s), whenexecuted by the controller, cause the controller to control thepiezoelectric device 105 to disperse one or more scented mediums of thescented media 107 via the delivery hardware 106.

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 1, olfactory stimulus system 102includes a processor 104 that controls operation of system 102components. In some embodiments, the processor 104 may be a component ofa controller. Olfactory stimulus system 102 includes one or morepiezoelectric devices (e.g., piezoelectric device 105) which control thedelivery of one or more types of scented media 107 for the purpose ofrendering scent information to the user (e.g., user 113). Piezoelectricdevice 105 may deliver an olfactory output via the delivery hardware106. For example, the piezoelectric device 105 may cause the deliveryhardware 106 to disperse one or more scented mediums.

In some embodiments, the processor 104 may obtain a command forgenerating an odor impression of a scent. The processor 104 mayobtaining data including a command data structure (e.g., viacommunication interface 108). In some embodiments, the processor 104 mayobtain the command from a software component of the olfactory stimulussystem 102. For example, the software component may be plugged into thegame engine 111 of the game system 101. The processor 104 may obtain thecommand from the software component via the communication interface 108.The processor 104 may execute the obtained command. In some embodiments,the processor 104 may execute the command by controlling one or more ofmultiple scent generators (e.g., aerosol generators) to disperse scentedmedia of the scent generator(s) and generate the odor impression of thescent. The processor 104 may control the scent generator(s) by (1)generating one or more control signals for controlling the scentgenerator(s) according to the command; and (2) inputting the generatedcontrol signal(s) to the scent generator(s). For example, the processor104 may translate intensity value(s) and duration(s) encoded in thecommand into electrical signal(s) which are input to the scentgenerator(s).

As shown in the example embodiment of FIG. 1, the olfactory stimulussystem 102 includes a piezoelectric device 105. The piezoelectric device105 may include one or more scent generators. Each of the scentgenerator(s) may include a respective scented medium from the scentedmedia 107. A scene generator may include vessels, interconnecting tubes,reservoirs, venturi elements, inlets, outlets, channels and/or any otheractive or passive delivery mechanisms. A scent generator may disperseits scented medium (e.g., by a control signal from the controller). Forexample, the scent generator may be an aerosol generator that is used bythe piezoelectric device 105 to release scented medium.

In some embodiments, a controller may control the piezoelectric device105 to generate an odor impression. The controller may control the scentgenerator(s) (e.g., using piezoelectric device 105) by executing acommand. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate acommand that, when executed by the controller, causes the controller touse the piezoelectric device 105 to disperse scented media according tothe command. By executing the command, the olfactory stimulus system 102may generate an odor impression having particular spatialcharacteristics (e.g., determined by the olfactory stimulus system 102from odorant components). In some embodiments, a command may indicateintensity and duration for one or more scents. The controller may usethe piezoelectric device 105 to release the indicated scent(s) with theindicated intensity and duration.

As shown in the example embodiment of FIG. 1, the olfactory stimulussystem 102 includes delivery hardware 106. The delivery hardware 106 maybe hardware for delivering scented media (e.g., dispersed by thepiezoelectric device 105) to the user 113. The delivery hardware 106 maydeliver scented media to a nasal cavity of the user 113. For example,the delivery hardware 106 may deliver scented media to the olfactoryepithelium inside the nasal cavity of the user 113. Examples of deliveryhardware and scented media are described herein.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may generate anodor impression of a scent by controlling multiple scent generators torelease multiple scented mediums. A controller of the olfactory stimulussystem 102 (e.g., processor 104) may control multiple scent generatorsto release the multiple scented mediums. The multiple scented mediumsmay each have a respective scent. The combination of the multiplescents, when experienced by a user (e.g., olfactory epithelium of theuser), may generate the odor impression of the scent. The olfactorystimulus system 102 may thus generate scents by mixing scents providedby scented media 107 of the scent generators.

In some embodiments, the controller may store instructions forgenerating a scent. The controller may generate an odor impression ofthe scent by executing the instructions. For example, the instructionsmay indicate an activation of multiple different scent generators forgenerating the odor impression of the scent. In some embodiments, theinstructions may indicate a function for activating a scent. Forexample, the instructions may indicate that a mildew scent is to bepreceded by a scent of moisture, followed by the mildew scent. In someembodiments, the controller may store instructions for multipledifferent scents, where instructions for a respective scent indicate afunction for activating the scent. In some embodiments, the controllermay execute instructions for a scent in response to obtaining a commandindicating an odor impression of the scent.

As shown in the example of FIG. 1, the olfactory stimulus system 102includes a communication interface 108. The communication interface 108may be used by the olfactory stimulus system 102 to communicate with thegame system 101. In some embodiments, the communication interface 108may comprise hardware for communicating with the game system 101. Forexample, the communication interface 108 may comprise a networkinterface device for communicating with the game system 101. In someembodiments, the communication interface 108 may comprise a softwareinterface for communicating with the game system 101. For example, thecommunication interface 108 may be an application program interface(API) for communicating with the game system 101. The API may includeone or more methods, classes, and/or properties for use by software ofthe olfactory system 102 to communicate with the game system 101. Insome embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may use thecommunication interface 108 to transmit information to the game system101. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may use thecommunication interface 108 to transmit one or more queries forinformation to the game system 101. The olfactory stimulus system 102may obtain information from the game system 101 using the communicationinterface 108. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 mayreceive information from the game content 110 of the game system 101through the communication interface 108. For example, the olfactorystimulus system 102 may obtain data indicating odorant components in theXR environment.

In some embodiments, hardware components the olfactory stimulus system102 may be provided as part of an existing headset device. In someembodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may be provided as anadditional device for existing VR/AR hardware (e.g., hardware 103). Toaccomplish this, a physical coupling 114 may be provided such that theolfactory stimulus system 102 is positioned such that scent outputs maybe provided to a user (e.g., user 113).

Although the example of FIG. 1 shows the components of the olfactorysystem 102 distinct from other systems, some embodiments are not limitedin this respect. In some embodiments, components of the olfactorystimulus system 102 may be shared among other components in thedistributed system 100. In some embodiments, the processor 104 may be acomponent of the game system 101 in addition to or instead of theolfactory system 102. For example, the processor 104 may be configuredto execute instructions for the olfactory stimulus system 102 and thegame system 101. In some embodiments, the olfactory system 102 may beembedded as part of the game system 101. For example, software of theolfactory stimulus (e.g., architecture of scent framework) system 102may be embedded in the game engine 111 (e.g., as a plugin).

According to one embodiment, processor 104 may include a speciallyprogrammed microcontroller that performs certain specified controlfunctions. One example of a specific control processor and circuitry isshown by way of example in FIG. 5 discussed below. In some embodiments,the microcontroller (MCU) may include an ATmega328p Arduino-typecontroller. It should be appreciated, however, that other controllertypes may be used. Further, the microcontroller may also include someadditional auxiliary components such as a frequency generator, digitalpotentiometer and one or more operational amplifiers which may be usedto adjust voltage into a variable amplitude fixed frequency current thatcan be used to control a piezoelectric element. In some embodiments, theprocessor 104 may be any computer hardware processor. For example, theprocessor 104 may be a central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Someembodiments are not limited to any processor described herein.

Although the olfactory stimulus system 102 of FIG. 1 is shown inconjunction with a game system 101, some embodiments are not limited inthis respect. In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 maybe used with other types of systems and/or in other applications. Asoftware component of the olfactory stimulus system 102 may be embeddedin other systems and/or applications. For example, softwarefunctionality of the olfactory stimulus system 102 described herein maybe embedded in the systems. Hardware components of the olfactorystimulus system 102 may be adapted for and/or coupled to other systems.

In some embodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may be used withany XR system. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may beused with an augmented reality (AR) system of a mobile device. In someembodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may be used with amultimedia system. For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may beused with a home theater system. In some embodiments, the olfactorystimulus system 102 may be used with a fragrance delivery system. Forexample, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may be used with a system fordelivering fragrances in a home. In some embodiments, the olfactorystimulus system 102 may be used with a reactive chemistry application.For example, the olfactory stimulus system 102 may provide scentexperiences resulting from chemical reactions. In some embodiments, theolfactory stimulus system 102 may be used with an advertising system.For example, the system 102 may provide scent experiences as part ofadvertisements provided by the advertisement system. In someembodiments, the system 102 may be used with a medicine delivery system.For example, the system 102 may be used to deliver medicine via a user'snose (e.g., to be inhaled by the user). In some embodiments, the system102 may be used with a skin care system. For example, the system 102 maybe used to disperse scent for skin care applications.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show various implementations of olfactory stimulus systemsaccording to some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 2 shows an olfactorystimulus system 200 which can be used with existing AR/VR hardware 202to present scent information to user 201. System 200 includes amicrocontroller 203 that controls a piezoelectric device 204. Thepiezoelectric device 204 acts as a pump which blows air passed adetachable vessel 206 which contains scent media. Air and/or scentparticles are routed between elements using one or more channels such asthose provided by interconnecting tubes 205.

According to some embodiments, piezoelectric components may be used tomove air and possibly diffuse liquids into a channel. Channels may beconstructed using tubes manufactured using chemically resistantmaterials (e.g., brass or some other material). In some embodimentsthere may be manufactured using chemically resistant materials tocounter the effects of water and possibly mild amounts of alcoholpresent within the scented media. According to some embodiments, suchchannel elements may be internally molded and/or printed elements.

Detachable vessel 206 (among other elements and embodiments describedherein) may also be made from chemically resistant materials (e.g.,glass, Plastic (PTFE, PEEK, UHMW, PTE, possibly HDPE chemicallyresistant variants), stainless steel, or other material(s) either aloneor in combination with other materials).

Further, microcontroller 203 may be coupled to a game system 207 via oneor more interfaces (e.g., a communication interface such as a wired orwireless connection (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, or other type wirelesscommunication protocol)).

FIG. 3 shows an alternative configuration of an olfactory stimulussystem 300. In particular, similar to system 200, FIG. 3 shows anolfactory stimulus system 300 which can be used with existing AR/VRhardware 302 to present scent information to user 301. Similarly,olfactory stimulus system 300 may include a microcontroller 3031 or morepiezoelectric devices (e.g. devices 304, 307) interfaces to a gamesystem (e.g., game system 309), and one or more channel elementsincluding reservoirs (e.g., air reservoir 306), tubes (e.g.interconnecting tubes 305), vessels (e.g. one or more vessels containingscented media 308) among other items. Notably, the system may have atwo-stage design where there are smaller piezoelectric elements providedin addition to a main piezoelectric element that provide the majority ofair movement.

Notably, in an alternative configuration shown in FIG. 3, separatepiezoelectric devices are provided for specific vessels that containvarious scented media. The microcontroller may be selectively controlledto activate certain piezoelectric devices to control delivery ofparticular scented media. As discussed further below, commands thatspecifically address particular piezoelectric devices may be providedsuch that the game system may control delivery of particular scents. Insome embodiments, different vessels contain different scents. In oneimplementation, vessels may contain active logic that communicate theirinformation (e.g., what scents they contain, status, level of media,etc.) with microcontroller 303. Also, in some implementations,collections of vessels or individual vessels may be removed and/orreplaced when they are exhausted. Air reservoir 306 may be provided suchthat air pressure may be stored in controlled and selectively deliveredto individual vessels to provide a rendered output.

FIG. 4 shows another example device configuration 402 that may be usedalone or in connection with other embodiments. For instance, as shown inFIG. 4, element 402 is connected to existing AR/VR hardware for 10 via aphysical bracket 409. Notably, the position of element 402 may beadjusted so that an olfactory output (e.g., air/scent outlet 407) may bepositioned near a user's nose (e.g., the nose of user 401). In theconfiguration shown in FIG. 4, element 402 includes an air inlet 404 arestricted outlet 406 a piezoelectric air pump 403 and venturitechnology (e.g., an atomizer nozzle). In particular, the piezoelectricair pump 403 operates to pump air from an air inlet 404 within thechamber which mixes with an output of a scent cartridge having media(e.g., cartridge 405) in the mixture is pumped through a restrictedoutlet 406 to the nose of the user (e.g. user 401).

FIG. 5 shows an example circuit in control function circuitry used toimplement various aspects. For instance, a microcontroller 501 may beprovided which includes one or more digital to analog converters (e.g.,elements 510, 511) one or more comparators (e.g. comparators 512, 513),operational amplifiers (e.g. operational amplifiers 514, 519). Amongother elements. As discussed above, the circuit may be used to boostcurrent and voltage and output gate frequency to operate a piezoelectricoutput stage (e.g., 504) which in turn controls a piezo mesh disk (e.g.,element 503) which renders the scented output.

Microcontroller 501 may include one or more I/O ports to communicateinformation and receive information from various elements (e.g. button506, LEDs 507). Further, microcontroller may include an element (e.g.,EUSART 522) to communicate serial data to outside elements (e.g., suchas by converting serially formed UART data to a USB output using aUSB-to-UART converter 508 and USB interface 509). Also, in someembodiments, the device may operate on its own power supply which couldinclude batteries (e.g., batteries 502) or some other power input.

Various embodiments may relate to ways of representing scent informationin a distributed system, and encoding and decoding such information.FIG. 6 shows one example implementation including example scentclassification information that may be used for communicating scentinformation in a distributed communication network. It is appreciatedthat smell architecture may be of great importance when it comes tocreating a realistic experience, especially in an AR/VR environment suchas those provided in virtual reality, altered reality ortelecommunication devices using headsets or other devices.

According to various embodiments shown by way of example in table 600,various types of information may be used to classify or qualify scentinformation. In particular, a particular scent may include proximityinformation 601, activity information 602, duration information 603, andappeal information 604.

Proximity

In one implementation, proximity information may be used to express howclose the user or player is to an odorant object (e.g., within an AR/VRenvironment). An odorant object may also be referred to herein as a“scent generating asset.” In one embodiment, the proximity settingsdictate whether a smell is “on” or “off”. Proximity information mayinclude one or more of the following.

Ambient (e.g., the foundation)—The overall smell of a particularenvironment meant to set an emotional tone.

Burst (e.g., walls, floors, lighting, furniture)—The smell of an objector collection of objects noticeable when passing within a particulardistance (e.g., 1 meter).

Specific (e.g., appliances)—The smell of a specific object noticeableonly when less than or equal to a distance (e.g., 12 inches) from auser's face.

Activity

In one implementation, activity information may be used to express thelevel of conscious interaction the player is having with the odorantobject. It is appreciated that the level of conscious interaction is notnecessarily directly linked to the proximity of the player to theobject, but generally speaking, the activity may be proportionate.Activity information may include one or more of the following.

Passive—Smells that are activated by passing by an object that is notnecessarily interactable but plays a role in creating ambience orforeshadowing in the narrative. A burst may be a passive smell.

Active—When the player interacts with an object deliberately. Forexample, the player may interact either for curiosity or to gaininformation/solve a puzzle.

Invisible—Smell that is only released upon performing a specific actionlike opening a bottle or drawer. In some embodiments, thischaracteristic may allow for circumventing the standard proximityprotocols.

Predictive—Predictive smells are ones that come on the breeze around acorner or from behind a closed door. They may be predictive (fire/smoke)or ever changing to promote a sense of doom.

Causal—The effect when the user takes an exaggerated breath in.

Duration

In one implementation, duration information may be used to express howlong is the smell being activated for in the hardware. Durationinformation may include one or more of the following.

Burst—A burst will generally be a release of a predetermined time (e.g.,1 second) of a single or series of heavily diffusive aromas. Navigatingthrough the VR environment will also be navigating through differentbursts. The pockets of scent experienced in succession through space andtime will create an aromatic tapestry potentially as rich as the visualone.

Sustained—A slow continuous release of scent to either block outsideodor or create subconscious reaction. In some embodiments, the scent maybe very faint.

Undulating—A single smell meant to me experienced over a longer periodof time. In some embodiments, due to the “habituating effect” of theolfactory system it may be necessary to increase and decrease intensityin a set predictable manner.

Intervals—A way to mimic smell intensity by modulating rapidmicrobursts.

It should be appreciated that other types of encoding scent informationmay be used, and some embodiments may use different types of encoding.

FIG. 7 shows an example process 700 for rendering scent informationaccording to various aspects. Process 700 may be performed to generatean odor impression (e.g., in an XR environment). For example, process700 may be performed by game system 101 described above with referenceto FIG. 1.

At block 701, process 700 begins. At block 702 the user's proximity isdetermined in relation to an element in an AR/VR domain. For instance,the game engine (e.g., of game system 101) while executing the game codemay monitor the user's proximity to one or more virtual elements such asenvironmental elements, game elements or other surface or object.

At block 703, the system may determine a rendered scent responsive tothe determine proximity between the user and the element. For example,if the user is within a certain proximity of a surface that has a scentassociated with it, the executing software may determine a scent to be“played” to the user at some point in time during the game execution orother contact rendering to the user.

At block 704, the system communicates control information indicating thescent to be rendered to the olfactory stimulus system (e.g., acontroller of olfactory stimulus system 102). Such information mayinclude any type of encoding information, such as a duration of a scentto be rendered, an intensity value or other information. Suchinformation may be transmitted, as discussed above, over a wired orwireless communication link between a content providing system and theolfactory stimulus system.

At block 705, the olfactory stimulus system renders the sent to theuser. At block 706, process 700 ends, although it is appreciated thatthis process may work as a continuous loop as the user is experiencingthe AR/VR content.

FIG. 8A shows an example format for communicating scent informationaccording to various embodiments. As discussed above, the olfactorystimulus system may be capable of receiving a data stream (e.g., datastream 800) sent from a game engine (e.g., of game system 101) or othercontent providing system for the purpose of communicating smellinformation. As shown, the data stream may include one or more pieces ofinformation that correspond to particular smells to be rendered to theuser.

For instance, a portion of information corresponding to smell A (e.g.,item 801) may be transmitted serially from the content provider to theolfactory stimulus system. Data element 801 may include a number offields, characteristics, and/or values that qualify a particular smell.Element 801 may include specific information that identifies which smellto be played, what duration, in what intensity. Data element 801 mayinclude additional information encoded that reflects how the sent is tobe delivered to the user. In some embodiments, element 801 includes aduration/function for smell A. Such information may include a value thatspecifies the duration, as well as a specific identification of smell A.Further, element 801 may include an intensity value A 804 thatnumerically represents a played intensity of the identified smell. Thesystem may be capable of transmitting multiple smells (e.g., Smell B 802with duration/function B 805 and intensity B information 806).

FIG. 8B shows another example format for communicating scent informationaccording to various embodiments. As discussed above similar to thesystem described above with reference to FIG. 8A, the olfactory stimulussystem may be capable of receiving a data stream (e.g., data stream 810)sent from a game engine (e.g., of game system 101) or other contentproviding system for the purpose of communicating smell information. Asshown, the data stream may include one or more pieces of informationthat correspond to particular smells to be rendered to the user.Notably, data stream 810 may be a different format which is communicatedto the olfactory stimulus system when the scent is needed such that datais not continually sent and need not be processed when scent should notbe present. In such a format, the data stream 810 (e.g., a partialstream or finite string of data) may be sent to the olfactory stimulussystem.

Data 810 may include a start byte 811 that appears at the start of themessage and which indicates to the olfactory stimulus system (e.g., amicrocontroller operating the olfactory stimulus system) to startprocessing remaining bites and the string or partial stream of data. Ina resting state, a microcontroller of the olfactory stimulus system maybe constantly for receipt of a start byte (or other header type orindication). The second portion of the message includes a number ofcommands 812 which indicates the number of scents in the stream, andwhich indicates how long the stream will be. Following data element 812are the actual scent indications to be rendered (e.g., scent A, scent B,etc.). Each of the scent indications includes, for example, a scentlabel or designation (e.g., an encoded form of Scent A placed withindata element 813), a function state of the scent (e.g., an intensity,delivery pattern, etc. for the scent encoded in data element 814), and aduration of the scent (e.g., element 815). Each of the various scents tobe rendered may include respective function and duration informationencoded within the data stream.

It should be appreciated that smell information may be communicated inreal time between entities for the purpose of delivering a realisticenvironment. Such information may be transmitted in parallel with AR/VRenvironment information, and in some embodiments, there may be acoordination protocol that synchronizes such information.

FIG. 9 shows an example software architecture according to variousembodiments. In particular, game program 902 and game engine 903 may becapable of communicating to the olfactory stimulus system 904 via anolfactory API 901. Olfactory API 901 may provide functions, interfaces,and parameters through which the game program 902 may communicate withthe olfactory stimulus system 904. Further, in some embodiments,communication through the API may be bidirectional, in that informationmay be received from the OVR system. For example, a status of the OVRsystem may be communicated and may be visible to a content providingapplication. For example, whether the OVR system is functioning, hasappropriate and suitable levels of media, etc. may be provided toanother computing entity.

Although the embodiment of FIG. 9 shows the olfactory stimulus system904 separate from the game program 902 and the game engine 903, in someembodiments, the olfactory stimulus system 904 may be implemented acomponent of the game program 902 and/or the game engine 903. Forexample, the olfactory stimulus system 904 may include a softwarepackage that may augment the game program 902 and/or the game engine903.

In a practical example, when someone encounters an object in VR thereare things that occur on the game software/driver side of the game andthen there are things that happen on the hardware/firmware side of thegame. On the software side, a player interacts with an object based onproximity to that object. The user's proximity to an object generates avalue in the gaming engine. Other objects may distort that proximityvalue such as a wall or wind effects.

The value (whether or not it is modified) is then formatted into astring of characters by the API. That string of characters is thenpassed on to the microcontroller via USB or Bluetooth or LAN/WAN/Wi-Fior any other digital wired or wireless communication link. In oneexample implementation, the system is connected via USB. The string'slength is determined by the multitude of scents. In some embodiments,the more scents there are to be rendered, the longer the data stringsent over the digital connection.

On the hardware side, the string of characters is then relayed to themicrocontroller and is interpreted by the firmware (e.g., residing onthe memory of the controller). The firmware selects a mode in which thesmell will be delivered and then finally executes an amplitude on thepiezoelectric value system(s) which is based on the proximity valuegenerated from the software side. In one implementation, the entireprocess can be performed about 10-100 times per second and updates theamplitude of the scent as a user interacts with the VR environment andthe predetermined or tagged objects in that environment. VR objects canbe tagged during the development of the game by a game designer or postcompilation of a game through the use of computer vision algorithmsduring game play.

It should be appreciated that the system, mechanical implementation,software and controls may have a number of features that are usableeither alone or in combination with other features. For example, inanother implementation, the system may be capable of limiting “brownsmell” or residual smells produced as a byproduct of playing previoussmells. One example process for eliminating brown smell includes severalmethods. This first method includes using scent formulas and controlledatomization sizes which are highly dispersive and do not stick tosurfaces very well. This ensures that the scent will clear away in arelatively short amount of time. A second process includes restrictingthe outlet size orifice near the scent cartridge which creates a passivehigh-pressure area. This functions as a passive gate to keep additionalscent molecules or atomized clumps from exiting the outlet when thepiezoelectric devices are in a resting state. Essentially this functionacts as the brakes to the scent delivery mechanism. The third functionis to maintain control over the particle release size (nominally 20-2 umin size). Maintaining particle size may be accomplished, for example,through a VMT, venturi and/or other dispersion mechanisms. It should beappreciated that other features may be provided according to otherimplementations.

FIG. 10 shows another example device that may be used to render scentaccording to some embodiments. For example, FIG. 10 shows apiezoelectric device 1000 that may be used to render scent information.Device 1000 may be relatively small in size (e.g., 1-2 cm in diameter,or other size) such that it may be used in a personal scent renderingdevice such as that shown by way of example in FIG. 11. Device 1000 maybe circular in form, and include an area 1001 where scent is released.Device 1000 may include scent media either embedded within the device,or the device is capable of receiving scented material from a channel,or reservoir (e.g., in liquid form). Device 1000 may be operated byproviding an activating signal through one or more electrical leads(e.g., leads 1002).

FIG. 11 shows an example device 1102 that may use one or more devices torender various scents according to some embodiments. In particular,device 1102 may be adapted to receive one or more piezoelectric elementssuch as those shown by way of example in FIG. 10. Further, device 1102may be adapted to attach to an AR/VR headset (e.g., AR/VR hardware 202).For instance, device 1102 may be adapted to mount to an AR/VR headsetvia a mounting plate 1101. Device 1102 may be affixed to the headset viaone or more attachment elements such as screws, mounts, adhesiveelements, or similar elements. Device 1102 may include one or moreopenings 1103 through which scent is rendered. Because device may bemounted near a lower surface of the headset, the openings of device 1102may be positioned near a user's nose. Device 1102 may be arc-shaped suchthat the openings are positioned substantially around an area near theuser's nose.

FIG. 12 shows another device 1200 that many be used to render variousscents according to some embodiments. Similar to device 1102, device1200 may be arc-shaped and may be adapted to be attached to an AR/VRheadset. Also, device 1200 may be adapted to receive one or morepiezoelectric elements (e.g., piezoelectric element 1201). In someembodiments, such elements may be rectangular in shape, and as discussedbelow with respect to FIGS. 13A-13D, they may be configured to atomize afluid and project the atomized fluid out of an end of the tube towards auser's nose. Several piezoelectric elements may be arranged in an arc ofthe device 1200. The elements may be held in channels (e.g., channel1203) by a holding element 1202. In some embodiments, the holdingelement may be manufactured using a rubber-like material to isolate theelements and their vibratory effects from one another and the mainhousing of device 1200. In some embodiments, the piezoelectric elementsare sandwiched between several holding elements, thereby positioning andholding the piezoelectric elements within their respective channels. Thepiezoelectric elements may be adapted to render different scents. Eachof the elements may be selectively activated by a controller that sendsactivating signals to a particular selected element.

FIGS. 13A-13D show a device for generating atomized fluid according tosome embodiments. In particular, FIGS. 13A-13D show some embodiments ofa device for generating atomized fluid. The device comprises arectangular tube (1301) having a cross-sectional shape a width (W), adepth (T) and a length (L). A piezoelectric plate (1303) is attachedacross the width (W) of the tube. In some embodiments, the piezoelectricplate (1303) may be attached to the rectangular tube (1301 via glue,epoxy, solder or other adhesive. It should be appreciated that althougha rectangular tube is shown, other shapes of tubes may be used (e.g.,circular, triangular, square, etc.).

An aperture plate (1302) is attached to an end of the tube (1301A) whilea second end (1302B) is open and is configured to receiving a fluid andsupplying the fluid to the aperture plate (1302) through the tube. Thepiezoelectric plate (1303) is connected to a circuit that generates anelectrical signal at a frequency that is equal to the resonancefrequency of tube and in an amplitude that is sufficient to produce aflow of atomized droplets. The electrical signal may be, in someembodiments, an alternating signal that is applied to contacts of thepiezoelectric plate 1303.

In one embodiment, the tube is made of brass and has a width of 6.35 mm,a depth of 3.125 mm, and a length of 40 mm, with a resonance frequencyof 50,000 Hz. It should be appreciated however, that other dimensions,configurations and resonant frequencies may be used. In someembodiments, the piezo element and tube form a unimorph device includingan active layer (e.g., the piezo element) and an inactive layer (e.g.,the tube surface). One implementation includes a tube having arectangular or square in shape. In some conventional piezo elements,they may use a pinching/squeezing mechanism to deliver liquids, however,in some embodiments as disclosed herein, a medium (e.g., a liquid) isaerosolized via perpendicular acoustical waves induced by a piezoelement.

In some implementations, there are multiple ways that the medium cancome into contact with the plate:

Free in housing—The liquid is just free in the tube and capped at theend opposite the aperture plate end to seal inside. The vibrationpattern forces the liquid in contact with the plate.

Wick—A wick is placed in the tube and capped in with the liquid to forcethe correct capillary action to move the liquid to plate in conjunctionwith the vibration. In some embodiments, the wick may be shaped to fillthe area within the tube (e.g., a rectangular, tubular, or squareshape). In some implementations, the wick element may be a replaceableitem, and may be accessible to be replaced. The wick may also be part ofor coupled to a reservoir that holds liquid to be dispersed. The wickmay be, in some embodiments, bidirectional or unidirectional wickingmaterial made out of, for example, natural fibers and/or syntheticfibers including cotton, polyethylene, nylon, metal, graphene, amongothers.

Cartridge—A cartridge of custom design is inserted into the back to thetube with a connection point to the tube and plate. The cartridge may,or may not, use a wick or material that has a wicking property.

FIG. 14 shows an alternative control system according to someembodiments. In particular, one or more alternative control systems maybe used in some embodiments where the piezo device includes one or moretube structures arranged in an array. The circuit may operate, forexample, similarly to the system described above with respect to FIG. 5,which performs similar functions. In particular, a device driver circuitmay be used to selectively activate different piezo elements (e.g., inan array) according to what scent is addressed (e.g., within a receivedstream of commands).

In particular, generally within the driver circuit shown in FIG. 14, amicrocontroller generates a frequency which is then amplified in powergreatly in order to drive selected piezo elements. Switches may be usedto control the activation of the amplified power signal. The signalitself can be, for example, a signal of a fixed frequency with a 50%duty cycle. However, it should be appreciated that parameters of thesignal (e.g., shape, length, height, pattern, etc. of the signalwaveform) may be selectively varied to produce different intensities andlengths (e.g., duration) of scent production. Further, it should beappreciated that a DC signal may be used which includes positive signalsor alternatively an AC signal may be used consisting of both positiveand negative signals.

FIG. 14 shows a general circuit design which includes severalsubcomponents including a battery (e.g., battery 1403), amicrocontroller (e.g., MCU 1401), a power conversion “boost” (e.g., viaboost device A, boost B (elements 1404A, 1404B) and a switching array(e.g., switching array 1405). Optionally, a driver or comparator (e.g.,a MOSFET comparator, e.g., element 1402) may be used to drive the logiccoming from the MCU to a higher or lower power level to drive theswitching array. Also, optionally a secondary power conversion may beused in order to provide a power source used to drive a second logiclevel voltage. The switching array 1405 is adapted to receive serialsignal and convert that signal into the actuation of a specific channel.Each channel coming from the switch array is used to drive each of theindividual aerosol generators (e.g., generators 1406). In someembodiments, the array should be sufficiently fast and rated for theappropriate voltage and current in order to be able to drive the aerosolgenerators in a real-time manner.

FIG. 15 shows another alternative control system according to someembodiments. In particular, FIG. 15 shows a general circuit design whichincludes several subcomponents including a battery (e.g., battery 1503),a microcontroller (e.g., MCU 1501), a power conversion “boost” (e.g.,via boost device A, boost B (elements 1504A, 1504B), a bridged MOSFET(e.g., element 1506) and a switching array (e.g., switching array 1507).Optionally a driver or comparator (e.g., a MOSFET comparator, e.g.,element 1402) may be used to drive the logic coming from the MCU to ahigher or lower power level to drive the switching array and or thebridged MOSFET. In some embodiments, optional discrete resonantcomponents (e.g., discrete resonant components 1506) such ascapacitors/inductors can be used for further power amplification andsignal smoothing. In the circuit shown in FIG. 15, the bridged MOSFETtakes signals, (typically in the form of a timed frequency with a dutycycle) from the microcontroller and then amplifies that signal to ahigher power level. The switching array is then opens a channel in whichthe power signal coming from the half bridge can then actuate theaerosol generators with the assistance/amplification of the resonantcomponents.

FIGS. 16A-16E show various views of an example olfactory stimulus systemaccording to some embodiments. In FIG. 16A, an example olfactorystimulus system 1600 is shown which includes an L-shaped housingincluding a number of different components similar to those discussedabove with reference to FIG. 1. In particular, system 1600 includes oneor more piezo elements and in some embodiments, the Piezo elements takethe form of tube—shaped aerosol generators (e.g., elements 1602).

In some embodiments, the elements are arranged within a tube array 1601.The piezo elements may be electrically connected to a PCB 1603 whichincludes one or more circuit elements such as those discussed above withreference to FIGS. 14-15. System 1600 may include a battery 1604 that isused to power one or more components and generate signals that may beused to drive the production of scent by one or more aerosol generators.Outputs of the tube array 1601 may be positioned abutting a chamber1605. As discussed further below, a user's nose may be positioned withinan opening of the chamber in order to receive one or more outputs of thetube array. In some embodiments, the individual tubes, their media,and/or the array may be a removable and replaceable item (e.g., to renewexhausted media).

At an opposite and of the system, there may be an exhaust 1607 which isused to remove sent from the chamber 1605. Near the output of theexhaust may be positioned a fan element 1606 (or other air movingdevice) which can be configured to move air in and out of the chamberfrom the exterior of the system 1600. Notably, it may be useful to clearsent away from the chamber as well as mix outside air with scentsproduced by one or more of the aerosol generators.

FIG. 16B shows a device 1610 similar to system 1600 whereby a cover 1611encloses the elements within device 1600. Cover 1611 is attached to theremainder of the housing via one or more attachment element 1612. Cover1611 encloses the chamber whereby outside air is input via exhaust 1613or sent is removed from the chamber via the exhaust 1613.

FIG. 16C shows a three-dimensional view of a device that is similar tothat shown in FIGS. 16A-16B. In particular, FIG. 16C shows a device 1620that shows a three-dimensional tube array 1621 including as shown, 12different aerosol generators positioned within the array. In someembodiments, the tubes are vibrationally isolated from each other suchthat vibration induced in one tube will not be translated significantlyto another tube within the array. A housing of device 1620 includesseveral openings including a cavity 1623 in which a user's nose isplaced. As shown, a PCB 1622 and tube array 1621 is positioned oppositean exhaust 1624 located at the other side of the device. FIG. 16D showsanother view of the device (now shown as device 1630) which showsrelative positioning of the PCB and tube array with respect to thehousing and openings. FIG. 16E shows another view of the device (e.g.,as device 1630) whereby only the external housing and viewable elementsare seen. As can be more clearly seen, the housing 1632 forms a cavity1631 in which a user's nose may be positioned. Further, device 1630includes a mounting surface 1633 which may be attached by one or moremethods to an AR/VR headset, such that the device is positioned near theuser's nose. It should be appreciated that elements shown in FIGS.16A-16E (e.g., PCB elements, tube arrays, etc.) may be similar or thesame items among the various figures, but may be substituted with otherelements as described herein.

FIGS. 17A-17B show a device for generating atomized fluid according tosome embodiments. In particular, FIG. 17A shows a round tube device 1700similar in function to the device discussed above with respect to FIGS.13A-13D. Device 1700 may include a tube 1702 having a length (L1) anddiameter (D1). A piezoelectric sleeve is attached at an end of thecylindrical tube, the element having a length (L2) and diameter (D2). Insome embodiments, the piezoelectric sleeve may be attached to thecylindrical tube via glue, epoxy, solder or other adhesive.

Similar to the rectangular embodiment, an aperture plate (e.g., meshplate 1703) is attached to an end of the tube while a second end is openand is configured to receiving a fluid and supplying the fluid to theaperture plate through the tube. The piezoelectric element is connectedto a circuit that generates an electrical signal at a frequency that isequal to the resonance frequency of tube and in an amplitude that issufficient to produce a flow of atomized droplets. The electrical signalmay be, in some embodiments, an alternating signal that is applied tocontacts of the piezoelectric element (e.g., via positive charge 1704being applied to the piezo layer and a negative charge 1705 beingapplied to the tube).

In one embodiment, the tube is made of brass and has a diameter of 4.76mm, and a length of 35 mm, with a resonant frequency in a range ofsubstantially 100-300 KHz. The piezo element may have a diameter of 6.4mm and length of 6.4 mm. It should be appreciated however, that otherdimensions, configurations and resonant frequencies may be used. Forexample, the range of the frequency that a particular device mayfunction can vary from a relatively low frequency (e.g., 20 kHz) to arelatively high value (e.g., 1 GHz). Using the example circular tubedevices described above, the resonant frequency may be determined to bein a range of 100-300 KHz. Generally speaking, if the size of the tubeis decreased, the frequency increases, but it should be appreciated thatthe resonant frequency depends on a number of factors and can bedetermined heuristically from testing the device.

In some embodiments, the piezo element and tube form a unimorph deviceincluding an active layer (e.g., the piezo element) and an inactivelayer (e.g., the tube surface). In some conventional piezo elements,they may use a pinching/squeezing mechanism to deliver liquids, however,in some embodiments as disclosed herein, a medium (e.g., a liquid) isaerosolized via perpendicular acoustical waves induced by a piezoelement. It should be appreciated that although certain shaped deviceshaving certain dimensions are shown, other shaped elements havingdifferent dimensions may be used.

FIG. 18 shows a more detailed view of an element including a tubeassembly according to some embodiments. In particular, FIG. 18 shows anelement 1800 including a PCB 1802 having power and control circuitrythat is used to selectively activate one or more piezo-based tubeswithin a tube assembly 1801. Each of the tubes (e.g., tube 1805) may bemounted on a mounting structure 1803. In some embodiments, the tubes aremounted to isolate them vibrationally from other tube elements. In somecases, spacers or other elements may isolate the tube elements. In someembodiments, piezo elements of each tube (e.g. piezo element 1804) arepositionally separated by adjacent tubes yet are mounted by a commonelectrical connection (e.g., via a separate PCB). In some cases, theremay be isolation elements that isolate each tube from the mountingstructure.

Other Applications

Although such devices may be used in gaming and entertainmentapplications, it should also be appreciated that some embodimentsdescribed herein may be useful in a number of different applicationsoutside the gaming/entertainment area. For example, some embodimentsdescribed herein may be used for one or more of the following.

Cognitive behavioral therapy—Cognitive behavioral therapists use anumber of techniques to help their patients work through traumaticexperiences including exposure therapy and virtual reality. It isappreciated that conditions such as PTSD from war and sexual trauma arethe hardest to overcome for one reason: smell. These experiences arehardwired into our brains. By integrating unique, curated aromas intothe therapy with VR, thousands of people may be helped to live normallives and have normal relationships.

Remote surgery—It is appreciated that people's sense of smell works morequickly and efficiently than all of our other senses combined. VR hasthe unique ability to allow surgeons to perform complicated surgeriesremotely but still only effectively offers 2D sense of objects duringcomplex procedures. By augmenting the surgeon's sense of critical areaswith scent, the chance of error may be decreased without the need forthe surgeon to break a visual plane.

Sight impaired—For the visually impaired to participate in VR or AR,various systems must take advantage senses other than eyesight.

Forensics—Witnesses identifying the perpetrator is dangerouslyinaccurate and subject to implicit bias. Because of the direct linkbetween scent, memory and emotion, VR may be coupled with scent creatinga stronger, impartial, more just method of suspect identification, crimescene analysis and jury trials).

Therapeutic uses—Office, team, family, and relationship productivitygoes up dramatically when people feel calm, rested and refreshed. Forexample, spending 10 minutes in scent enhanced, augmented reality canoffer the same benefits as meditation, sleep or an hour of mindfulness.

Sports medicine—Training in VR kick starts psychosomatic response (i.e.,nothing can create a “Pavlovian response” more quickly and powerfullythan scent training. When an athlete is training for an event—like theTour de France for example—in VR, aromatic stimuli may be created thatincrease or decrease heart rate, testosterone, or even pain/pleasureresponse that will be recreated during actual competition.

Piloting—As aeronautics and combat become more technologically advanced,any opportunity to make controls and feedback more intuitive to thepilot is paramount. It is appreciated that very second the pilot has topay attention to a gauge or otherwise take his eye off more importantvisual cues can have catastrophic events. Furthermore, in high stresscombat situations quick decision making without hesitation is key.Because smell stimulates the limbic (fight or flight) portion of thebrain before being processed by the pre-frontal cortex, it isappreciated that VR training simulations utilizing olfactory cues canincrease response time, preserve focus and decrease stress responses inreal life situations.

Transposing senses and environmental conditions—For example, informationof the environment such as temperature, humidity, radiation, unscentedpoisonous gas. For example, rover exploration in environments that aredangerous or toxic to humans rely too heavily on sight and cruderobotics. By utilizing a VR/AR interface with a detection capability ofscent that can be translated and communicated to an OVR system, thecapability may be provided to explore the deep sea, radioactive sites,caves, and the like. In particular, human operators can receive andinterpret data in real time in a much more meaningful way than everbefore.

Space applications—Astronauts often need to be able to sense physicalphenomena on the edge of perception, e.g., gamma rays, x rays, oxygenand carbon dioxide levels, and an OVR system may be used to accomplishexperiencing these environments.

In some embodiments, an atomizer is provided for dispensing liquids intothe air. In some implementations, a device is provided for generatingatomized fluid specifically, but not exclusively, for production ofsmall droplets of scented oil and other fluid-based fragrances, amongother types of liquids. In some embodiments, the device comprises a tubehaving a proximal opening and a distal opening, wherein media inside thetube is forced out of the proximal opening via an aperture plate,examples of which are shown in FIGS. 13A-13D and 17A-17B. Such tubes mayhave any shape and size, such as rectangular or cylindrical tubes.

In some embodiments, the tube further includes at least onepiezoelectric plate that is attached to a face of the tube. The devicefurther includes an aperture plate that is attached to the proximal endof the tube whereas the distal end of the tube is connected to a fluidsupply source for supplying fluid through the tube to aperture plate atthe proximal end of the tube. In some embodiments, the aperture plateincludes a plurality of conical apertures that extend through thethickness of the plate.

In some embodiments, the device comprises a tube having a proximalopening and a distal opening, wherein fluid enters the distal end and isforced out of the proximal opening via an aperture plate. In someembodiments, fluid may be existing within the tube and/or added via thedistal end, such as by a mechanism to add fluid as the device operatesand forces the fluid out. In some embodiments, the device is providedwith the fluid located within the tube.

The device further includes a signal generator circuit capable ofproducing an electrical signal at a selected frequency and voltage. Whenthe frequency generator is connected to the piezo plate, cyclical stresswaves are generated by the piezo plate which subsequently propagatesalong the length of the tube and produces oscillation which vibrates theaperture plate and generates a flow of atomized liquid through theapertures. In some embodiments, it is desirable that at least onesurface of the tube has sufficient surface area and enables attachmentof the piezo substrate. In some embodiments, the tube may be rectangularin shape, and a surface of the piezo substrate may be affixed to asubstantial portion of a surface of the tube. In some embodiments, thepiezo element is positioned more closely to distal end, allowing thestress waves to travel more significantly to the proximal opening.

In some embodiments, a single piezo attached to the tube generateslongitudinal oscillation within the tube. In some embodiments, the tubedoes not bend due to the tube shape structure having a very high bendingstiffness due to high moment of inertia of the tube's cross-sectionalshape. However, vibration is produced within the tube as the piezo mayvibrate with a resonant frequency of the tube, and the cyclical stresswaves force the liquid through the apertures.

In some embodiments, a plurality of devices may be placed in a lineararray. In such an arrangement, it may be desirable that one side of thetube will be narrow such that multiplicity of devices can be stackedtogether with a minimum space.

In some embodiments, the induced frequency produced by the piezo elementis equal to the natural frequency of the rectangular tube in alongitudinal mode or bending mode.

In some embodiments, the tube is a rectangular tube having two widefaces such that the area of at least one of the faces is sufficientlywide to attach at least one piezoelectric element that is capable ofgenerating a sufficient amplitude.

In some embodiments, the tube has trapezoidal cross-sectional shape andhaving at least one face that is sufficient to attach at least onepiezoelectric element that is capable of generating a large amplitude.

In one embodiment the tube is circular in cross-sectional shape andhaving one face that is sufficient to attach at least one piezoelectricelement that is capable of generate large amplitude.

In one specific embodiment, the width of the tube is between 0.05 mm to0.1 mm and the length between 1 mm and 45 mm. In some embodiments, it isappreciated that a small device may be preferred for some applications,yet the size may be optimized so as to not require an excessively largeresonant frequency. In some embodiments, the aperture plate is securedto the end of the tube via solder or glue and covers the entirety of theend of the tube. In some techniques, the aperture plate is circular andbent before connecting to edge of the tube. Additionally, the apertureplates may be flat or domed with the dome shaped outward from the end ofthe tube.

In some other applications, the aperture plate is sized to fit perfectlyon the end of the tube. In some implementations, aperture sizes may beless than approximately 10 μm. For instance, apertures of approximately5 μm range (+/−2 μm) may work for some applications. Generally, smalleraperture sizes are preferred, but the aperture sizes may be optimized toreduce clogging and the amount of force necessary to generate atomizedfluid.

Example Processes for Generating Odor Impressions

FIG. 19 shows an example process 1900 for generating an odor impressionaccording to some embodiments. Process 1900 may be performed by anysuitable computer system. In some embodiments, process 1900 may beperformed by olfactory stimulus system 102 described herein withreference to FIG. 1. For example, process 1900 may be performed by aprocessor executing an architecture of scent software framework of theolfactory stimulus system 102.

Process 1900 begins at block 1902 where the system performing process1900 analyzes an extended reality (XR) environment. In some embodiments,the XR environment may be an environment generated by the system. Forexample, the XR environment may be a virtual reality environmentgenerated by a game engine. The system may analyze the XR environment toidentify one or more scent generating assets in the XR environment. Forexample, the system may identify objects (e.g., flowers, food, and/orfire) in the XR environment that are to release a scent to be the scentgenerating asset(s) in the XR environment. In some embodiments, thesystem may identify the scent generating asset(s) by identifying objectsencoded as scent generating object(s). For example, the object may bedefined from a class of the system. The system may include an indication(e.g., a Boolean value) in the class that an object of the class is ascent generating asset. In some embodiments, the system may store anindication of one or more scent properties in the class. For example,the system may store an identification of a scent produced by an objectgenerated from the class.

In some embodiments, the system may determine information about theidentified scent generating asset(s) in the XR environment. Theinformation may include a measure of proximity between a user and thescent generating asset(s). For example, the measure of proximity may bea distance between the user and the scent generating asset(s) in the XRenvironment. In some embodiments, the information may include anindication of motion of the scent generating asset(s). For example, theinformation may include an indication of a speed, acceleration, and/ordirection of movement of the scent generating asset(s) relative to theuser in the XR environment. In some embodiments, the system may analyzethe XR environment to determine a setting of the user. For example, thesystem may determine characteristics of the setting such as whether itis indoor or outdoor, climate, temperature, humidity, altitude, and/orother characteristics that may affect a user's experience of scent inthe XR environment.

Next, process 1900 proceeds to block 1904 where the system determinesspatial characteristics of an odor impression to be generated in the XRenvironment. In some embodiments, the system may determine spatialcharacteristics of the odor impression by determining one or moreodorant components output into the XR environment. The odorantcomponents may comprise virtual geometry that represents scent producedby the scent generating asset(s) in the XR environment. The virtualgeometry may have motion in the XR environment. Collision of virtualgeometry may represent interaction between multiple different scentsfrom multiple scent generating assets. In some embodiments, the virtualgeometry may be invisible to the user, and may be experienced throughscent (e.g., an odor impression). The virtual geometry may provide acomputerized model of scent produced by scent generating asset(s) in theXR environment. In some embodiments, the virtual geometry may includeone or more shapes. For example, the shape(s) may include spheres,concentric spheres, cones, and/or other shapes. The shape(s) mayrepresent one or more regions of scent in the XR environment. Examplesof virtual geometry are described herein.

In some embodiments, the odorant components determined in the XRenvironment may be determined from analyzing the XR environment at block1902. For example, the odorant components may be determined based onidentification(s) of scent generating asset(s). In one implementation, agame engine may detect various objects in the XR environment. The gameengine may determine one or more odorant components to be outputted inthe XR environment. In some embodiments, the system may provide a set ofpredefined odorant component classes. The classes may be used toinstantiate odorant component objects. For example, a game engine mayinstantiate an odorant components for scent generating assets in an XRenvironment. The system may obtain an indication of the odorantcomponent(s) in the XR environment. In some embodiments, the system mayobtain an indication of the odorant component(s) in the XR environmentby receiving data from a game engine indicating the odor component(s).In some embodiments, the system may determine the odorant component(s)in the XR environment. For example, the system may analyze the XRenvironment (e.g., as described at block 1902) and determine odorcomponents to be generated for scent generating asset(s) in the XRenvironment.

In some embodiments, the system may determine spatial characteristics ofan odor impression from one or more parameters of the odorantcomponents. For example, an odorant component may include an effusionrate (e.g., associated with a respective scent generating asset). Theeffusion rate may indicate a rate at which scent particles are beingreleased from the scent generating asset. As another example, theparameter(s) may include a maximum scent intensity to be generated foran odorant component. The parameter(s) may include a base componentmixture. For example, the system may determine multiple odorantcomponents to generate in an XR environment for an odor impression. Anexample process 2100 of determining spatial characteristics of an odorimpression is described herein with reference to FIG. 21. For example,the system may perform the steps at blocks 2102-2106 of process 2100 todetermine the spatial characteristics of the odor impression.

Next, process 1900 proceeds to block 1906 where the system generates acommand indicating the odor impression to be generated. In someembodiments, the command may indicate an identification of one or morescents to be generated, intensity of the scent(s), and duration of thescent(s). The system may encode the identification of the scent(s),intensity of the scent(s), and duration of the scent(s) in a commanddata structure. Examples of command data structures are described hereinwith reference to FIGS. 8A-B.

In some embodiments, the system may be configured to encode one or moreintensity values and durations for respective scents in the command suchthat an odor impression having the determined spatial characteristics isexperienced by a user in the XR environment as a result of execution ofthe command (e.g., by a controller). In some embodiments, the system maydetermine the intensity value(s) and the duration value(s) based on (1)virtual geometry determined by the system; and/or (2) a measure ofproximity between the user and the scent generating asset(s). In someembodiments, an intensity value may be a value between 0 and 255. Insome embodiments, an intensity value may be a value between 0 and 1.Some embodiments are not limited to a particular range values describedherein. In some embodiments, the duration may be a time period for whichto release a scent at a respective intensity. For example, the durationmay be a number of seconds for which to release the scent at therespective intensity.

Next, process 1900 proceeds to block 1908 where the system transmits thecommand to a controller to generate the odor impression in the XRenvironment. In some embodiments, the system may be configured totransmit the command through a communication interface (e.g., a wirelessor wired interface). For example, the system may transmit the commandover a USB connection using a software API. As another example, thesystem may transmit the command over a Bluetooth connection. Toillustrate, the game system 101 may transmit the command to a controller(e.g., olfactory stimulus system 102). The controller may execute thecommand and, as a result, control one or more scent generators (e.g., ofpiezoelectric device 105) to disperse one or more scented mediaaccording to the command. An example process by which the controller mayexecute a command is described herein with reference to FIG. 20.

After transmitting the command at block 1908, process 1900 ends.

FIG. 20 shows an example process 2000 for executing an odor impressioncommand according to some embodiments. Process 2000 may be performed bya controller. For example, the controller may be performed by processor104 of olfactory stimulus system 102 described herein with reference toFIG. 1.

Process 2000 begins at block 2002 where the system obtains a commandindicating an odor impression. For example, the system may obtain acommand generated from performing process 1900 described above withreference to FIG. 19. The system may receive a transmitted command(e.g., from game system 101). In some embodiments, the system may obtainthe command by requesting the command. For example, the system mayperiodically request new commands and, in response, receive new commandsgenerated by the system. In some embodiments, the system may obtain thecommand from a software component of an olfactory stimulus system (e.g.,embedded in a game engine). The system may obtain data indicating thecommand. Example command data structures that may be obtained by thesystem are described herein.

Next, process 2000 proceeds to block 2004 where the system identifiesone or more scents indicated by the command. In some embodiments, thesystem may identify scent(s) indicated by the command by identifyingscent identifier(s) encoded in the command. For example, the system mayidentify one or more alphanumeric strings in the command that areassociated with respective scent(s). The system may determine thescent(s) that are to be dispersed based on the strings encoded in thecommand.

Next, process 2000 proceeds to block 2006 where the system controls oneor more scent generators to generate an odor impression of the scent(s).The system may disperse the scent(s) at a respective intensity andduration indicated for each scent. For example, the system may dispersea scent for fire at an intensity of 200 for a duration of 15 seconds asindicated by the command. The system may control the scent generator(s)to disperse one or more scents to render the odor expression of thescent(s) for a user. For example, the system may control the scentgenerator(s) to render the odor expression of the scent(s) for a userinteracting in an XR environment (e.g., a VR environment). In someembodiments, the system may control a scent generator using apiezoelectric device. Examples of piezoelectric devices are describedherein.

In some embodiments, the system may store information for generatingscents. The information may include instructions for generatingrespective scents. The system may execute the command by executinginstructions stored for generating the scent(s) identified from thecommand. For example, the system may use an identifier of the scent toaccess instructions (e.g., from memory) for generating the scent(s). Thesystem my execute the instructions to control the scent generator(s) togenerate an odor impression of the scent(s).

In some embodiments, the system may generate an odor impression of ascent by releasing multiple scented mediums that, when combined, wouldresult in the odor impression of the scent. The system may releasemultiple different scented mediums such that when the different scentedmediums are sensed by an olfactory epithelium of a user, the user mayexperience a target sense indicated by the command. In some embodiments,the system may store information indicating a combination of scentedmediums to use to release a respective scent. For example, the systemmay store instructions indicating a function for controlling each ofmultiple different scent generators to render a scent. In response toreceiving a command indicating the scent, the system may execute thefunction for controlling the multiple different scent generators torender an odor impression of the scent. As an illustrative example, thesystem may identify a first scent from the command. In this example, thesystem may control (1) a first scent generator to disperse a secondscent; and (2) a second scent generator to disperse a third scent. Thesecond and third scent, when mixed at the olfactory epithelium of theuser, may result in the odor impression of the first scent for the user.

In some embodiments, the system may control the scent generator(s) torelease scent(s) according to the command by transmitting controlsignal(s) to the scent generator(s). For example, the system maytransmit control signal(s) to a piezoelectric device that releasesscented media through delivery hardware. The released scented media maybe delivered to a nose (e.g., olfactory epithelium) of a user. Forexample, the delivery hardware may output scented media in an areaaround the user's nose. Examples of piezoelectric devices and deliveryhardware are described herein. In some instances, the system may controlmultiple scent generators to release multiple scents that, whenexperienced by the user (e.g., at the user's olfactory epithelium),result in the odor impression of a scent.

After block 2006, process 2000 ends. For example, the system may stopdispersing scented media after it has executed the command.

FIG. 21 shows an example process 2100 for determining spatialcharacteristics of an odor impression and generating a commandindicating the odor impression having the determined spatialcharacteristics, according to some embodiments. Process 2100 may beperformed by any suitable computing system. For example, process 2100may be performed by olfactory stimulus system 102 described here withreference to FIG. 1. A processor executing the software framework of theolfactory stimulus system 102 may perform the process. In someembodiments, process 2100 may be performed as part of process 1900described herein with reference to FIG. 19. For example, process 2100may be performed as part of blocks 1904-1906 of process 1900.

Process 2100 begins at block 2102, where the system determines one ormore odorant components in an XR environment. The odorant component(s)may have been generated in the XR environment for one or more scentgenerating assets. For example, a game engine employing an architectureof scent framework may generate the odorant component(s) as softwareobjects. In some embodiments, the system may determine the odorcomponent(s) in the XR environment. For example, the system may identifyone or more scent generating assets and generate odor component(s) inthe XR environment for the identified scent generating asset(s). In someembodiments, each component may comprise a respective virtual geometryto be output in an XR environment (e.g., generated by game system 101).Virtual geometry may also be referred to herein as “geometry.”

In some embodiments, the virtual geometry that the system outputs in theXR environment is invisible. The virtual geometry may be experienced bya user in the XR environment through generation of the odor impression.For example, as a user moves through the XR environment and collideswith the virtual geometry, the system may generate an odor impression inwhich the user experiences the scent represented by the virtualgeometry. Examples of virtual geometry are described herein.

FIG. 22 shows an illustration 2200 of example virtual geometry ofodorant components output in an XR environment, according to someembodiments. As shown in the illustration 2200, the XR environmentincludes various scent generating assets. The scent generating assetsinclude food 2202 in a pan, a flower 2204, and a fire 2206. The XRenvironment includes various odorant components outputted (e.g., by agame engine) from the scent generating assets. The odorant componentscomprise geometry in the XR environment. In the example of FIG. 22, thegeometry includes: (1) a first sphere 2202A and a second sphere 2202Boutputted for the food 2202; (2) a cone shaped geometry 2204A outputtedfor the flower 2204; and (3) three spheres 2206A-C outputted for thefire 2206. The virtual geometry may represent scent in the XRenvironment produced from the scent generating assets. In someembodiments, the virtual geometry may collide with other virtualgeometry. For example, referring again to the example of FIG. 22, thevirtual geometry 2202A associated with the food 2202 in the XRenvironment may move and collide with virtual geometry 2204A associatedwith the flower 2204. The system may use collision of geometry toindicate interactions between multiple different scents from differentscent generating assets (e.g., the food 2202 and the flower 2204).

In some embodiments, each component may provide a respective scentstyle. In some embodiments, a first component may provide an ambientscent, a second component may provide a burst scent, a third componentmay provide a specific scent, and a fourth component may provide abackground scent. An ambient scent is one that may represent scent froman overall environment of a user in the XR environment. In someembodiments, an ambient component may have a low intensity (e.g., lessthan 50). The ambient component may further have a low rate of decay(e.g., greater than 1 unit of intensity per minute). As an example, whenthe user has remained in an area for greater than a length of time(e.g., two minutes), the system may output the first component togenerate an ambient scent in the XR environment. A burst scent may beone that is triggered when a user enters an area of influence of a scentgenerating asset. The scent from a burst may increase initially and thendecrease with time. In one implementation, the intensity resulting froma burst scent may be a bell curve. For example, when a user firstbecomes proximate a scent generating asset (e.g., by opening a garbagecan), the system may determine to use a burst component. When the userfirst becomes proximate the scent generating asset, an intensity ofscent may increase followed by a decrease in intensity. A specific scentmay be one that occurs when a user deliberately interacts with a scentgenerating asset to smell it. For example, the user may deliberatelysmell the asset (e.g., a flower). Examples of components respectivestyles of scent provided are described herein.

Next, process 2100 proceeds to block 2104 where the system determinesone or more parameters of the odorant component(s). In some embodiments,the parameter(s) may indicate properties of the virtual geometry and, inturn, affect a scent experience provided by the virtual geometry (e.g.,when the user collides with the virtual geometry in the XR environment).The parameter(s) may include spatial dimensions of the geometry of anodorant component. For example, a first odorant component may comprisespherical geometry including two concentric spheres. Parameters for thespherical geometry may include a first radius of the inner sphere and asecond radius for the outer sphere. As another example, a second odorantcomponent may comprise box geometry. Parameters for the box geometry mayinclude a length, width, and height of a rectangular prism space in theXR environment in which scent from one or more scent generating assetsexists. Example odorant components and respective parameters aredescribed herein with reference to FIGS. 24A-28B.

In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may include a maximum intensityfor the virtual geometry. In one implementation, the system may includea maximum intensity of scent that may be experienced from interactionwith a geometric component. The parameter(s) may include parametersspecifying a scaling function for determining one or more scalars toapply to the maximum intensity (e.g., by multiplication) to obtain anintensity. The system may determine the value of the scaling functionbased on a user's location in the XR environment relative to the virtualgeometry. For example, the scaling function may be determined from alocation of a user between an inner sphere and an outer sphere ofspherical geometry. In another example, the scaling function may bedetermined from an angle of the user relative to an axis of the virtualgeometry. Examples of scaling functions are described herein. In someembodiments, the parameter(s) may include a rate of decay of intensity.For example, the parameter(s) may specify a function of time indicatinga rate at which intensity of scent for an odorant component is todecrease. The parameter(s) may include dimensions of virtual geometry ofodor component(s). The parameter(s) may include an offset of the virtualgeometry (e.g., relative to a scent generating asset that the virtualgeometry is associated with). The parameter(s) may include an effusionrate of scent particles (e.g., in meters per second).

Next, process 2100 proceeds to block 2106 where the system determines ameasure of proximity of the user. In some embodiments, the system maydetermine a measure of proximity between the user and one or more scentgenerating assets in the XR environment. For example, referring to theexample shown in FIG. 22, the system may determine a measure ofproximity between the user and each of the food 2202, the flower 2204,and the fire 2206. In some embodiments, the system may determine themeasure of proximity of the user relative to one or more portions ofvirtual geometry in the XR environment. For example, referring to theexample shown in FIG. 22, the system may determine a measure ofproximity of the user to the geometry 2202A-B, 2204A-B, and/or 2206A-C.In some embodiments, the measure of proximity may be a distance in theXR environment between the user and the portion(s) of the geometry. Forexample, the system may determine a distance between the user and thecenter of the inner sphere of virtual geometry 2206C in FIG. 22. Inanother example, the system may determine a location of the userrelative to the two concentric spheres (e.g., within the inner sphere, alocation between the inner sphere and outer sphere, or outside of theouter sphere). In another example, the system may determine a locationof the user relative to a set of concentric cones. In this example, thesystem may determine (1) whether the user is inside the inner cone; (2)a location of the user between the inner cone and the other cone; or (2)whether the user is outside of the outer cone. In some embodiments, themeasure of proximity of the user may be an angular displacement of theuser relative to an axis or direction. For example, the measure ofproximity of the user may be an angular displacement (e.g., in degrees)between a direction of scent diffusion and the user.

In some embodiments, the system may determine the measure of proximityof the user using an olfactory epithelium component. The olfactoryepithelium component may be an element in the XR environmentrepresenting a user's nose. The location of the olfactory epithelium maybe tracked by the system. The system may determine the measure ofproximity of the user using a position of the olfactory epithelium inthe XR environment. For example, the system may determine the measure ofproximity by determining a distance between the position of theolfactory epithelium and a position of a scent generating asset.

Next, process 2100 proceeds to block 2108 where the system determinesone or more intensity and duration values. In some embodiments, thesystem may determine the intensity and duration value(s) using themeasure(s) of proximity of the user and the parameter(s) of the odorantcomponent(s). In some embodiments, the system may determine intensitybased on a measure of proximity of the user (e.g., distance to a scentgenerating asset). For example, the system may use the measure ofproximity to determine a scalar. In some embodiments, the system maydetermine intensity based on time. For example, the system may determinea scalar value based on a decay function of time. In some embodiments,the system may determine intensity based on an angle of the userrelative to a direction of scent in an odorant component. The system mayuse an angular offset to determine a directional scalar. The system mayapply one or more scalars to a maximum intensity of an odorant component(e.g., by multiplication) to obtain an output intensity (e.g., that isencoded in a command). In some embodiments, the system may apply anycombination of one or more scalars described herein to a maximumintensity (e.g., by multiplication) to obtain the output intensity. Insome embodiments, the system may determine an intensity based on whethera user is within boundaries of geometry of an odorant component. Forexample, if the system may determine a scalar value based on a locationof the user relative to the geometry.

In some embodiments, the system may use a function to obtain outputindicating intensity value(s) and duration(s) of the intensity value(s).The system may determine inputs to the function based on parameters ofan odorant component, a measure of proximity of the user, and/or alocation of the user relative to the odorant component. In someembodiments, the system may use a respective function for each type ofcomponent. For example, the system may use a first function for a firstcomponent, a second function for a second component, and a thirdfunction for a third component. As an illustrative example, the systemmay determine an odorant component with concentric spheres for a scentgenerating asset in the XR environment. The system may specify a nominalintensity of 100 for the odorant component. The system may (1) multiplythe nominal intensity by 1.25 if the user (e.g., olfactory epithelium)is determined to be within the inner sphere; (2) apply a multiplicativescalar between 0 and 1 when the user is between the inner sphere and theouter sphere; and (3) apply a multiplicative scalar of 0 when the useris outside of the outer sphere. Other example calculations of intensityfor various types of geometry are described herein.

In some embodiments, the system may continuously obtain intensity andduration values. For example, the system may provide input to thefunction periodically (e.g., every millisecond or second) to obtainintensity and duration value(s). The system may thus generate odorimpressions as a user interacts in an XR environment. In someembodiments, the system may generate duration value(s) based onparameters of an odorant component. For example, the system may generatethe duration value(s) based a time period that the user is withinboundaries of geometry of the odorant component.

Next, process 2100 proceeds to block 2110 where the system generates acommand. The system may generate a command as described at block 1906 ofprocess 1900, described herein with reference to FIG. 19. For example,the system may encode the determined intensity and duration value(s) ina command data structure (e.g., as described herein with reference toFIGS. 8A-B). The command may indicate one or more scents to be dispersedwith a corresponding intensity and duration for each scent. For example,the system may encode in the command that (1) a first scent is to bedispersed with an intensity of 125 for a period of 2 seconds; and (2) asecond scent is to be dispersed with an intensity of 35 for a period of1 second.

After block 2110, process 2100 ends. For example, the system maytransmit the command to a controller for execution (e.g., as describedin process 2000 described herein with reference to FIG. 20). Thecontroller may execute the command to generate an odor impression in anXR environment.

FIG. 24A shows a perspective view 2400 of an odorant component withspherical geometry, according to some embodiments. The odorant componentis associated with a scent generation asset 2402. For example, the scentgenerating asset 2402 may be an object in an XR environment. Thespherical geometry of the odorant component includes an inner sphere2404 and an outer sphere. The spheres may represent boundaries of areasin an XR environment where a user may experience one or more scents.

FIG. 24B shows an aerial view 2410 of the odorant component of FIG. 24A.As shown in FIG. 24B, the odorant component includes: (1) an innerradius defined by the inner sphere 2404; and (2) an outer radius definedby the outer sphere 2406. A user may experience scent from the object2402 when the user is within outer sphere 2406 of the odorant component.In some embodiments, the system may determine an intensity of one ormore scents to be output (e.g., by olfactory stimulus system 102)according to a measure of proximity of the user to the object 2402. Thesystem may store a maximum intensity for the odorant component (e.g.,specified by a value between 0 to 255, or a value between 0 and 1). Thesystem may use a function to adjust the maximum intensity based on therelative location of the user to the odorant component determined fromthe measure of proximity. When the user is within the inner sphere 2404,the system may output the maximum intensity (e.g., encode the maximumintensity value in a command). When the user is between the inner sphere2404 and the outer sphere 2406, the system may (1) use a function todetermine a scalar; and (2) apply the scalar to the maximum intensity toobtain an output intensity. For example, the function may be a linearfunction that outputs a value between 0 and 1 based on a relativelocation of the user between the inner sphere 2404 and the outer sphere2406. In this example, the function may output 1 when the user islocated at the boundary of the inner sphere 2404 and output 0 when theuser is located at the boundary of the outer sphere 2406. In someembodiments, the system may use a non-linear function for determining ascalar, as embodiments are not limited in this respect. The system mayoutput the scaled intensity value (e.g., by encoding the scaledintensity value in a command).

In some embodiments, the system may determine one or more parameters forthe odorant component of FIGS. 24A-B. The parameter(s) may include amaximum intensity, radius of an inner sphere, and/or radius of an outersphere. In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may include parametersdefining a function for determining a scalar. For example, theparameters may include a slope and intercept of a linear function forcalculating a scalar as a function of radial distance of the user fromthe inner sphere. In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may include anoffset of the geometry. The offset may indicate an offset of thegeometry relative to the object 2402. For example, an offset of (0, 0,0) may indicate that the spheres are positioned such that the object2402 is at the center of the inner sphere 2404. In another example, anoffset of (0, 1, 0) may indicate that the geometry is offset by one unit(e.g., of distance) in a direction (e.g., along a y-axis) from theobject 2402.

FIG. 25A shows a perspective view 2500 of an odorant component with boxgeometry, according to some embodiments. The odorant component isassociated with a scent generation asset 2502. For example, the scentgenerating asset 2502 may be an object in an XR environment. In someembodiments, the scent generating asset may not be a visible object inan XR environment. For example, the system may determine a scentgenerating asset to be a virtual scent source representing multiplescents in a setting of the XR environment. The box geometry of theodorant component includes a box 2504. The box 2504 may represent anarea in an XR environment where a user may experience one or morescents.

FIG. 25B shows an aerial view 2510 of the odorant component of FIG. 25A.As shown in FIG. 25B, the odorant component includes a box withrespective dimensions (e.g., length, width, and height). A user mayexperience scent from the object 2502 when the user is within the box2504. In some embodiments, the system may determine an intensity of oneor more scents to be output (e.g., by olfactory stimulus system 102) tobe a constant and/or slow decaying intensity (e.g., less than 5 units ofintensity per second) when the user is within the boundary defined bythe box 2504. For example, the system may determine a single intensityvalue of 100 when the user is in the box 2504. As another example, thesystem may determine an intensity that begins at 100 and decays at arate of 0.1/second.

In some embodiments, the system may be configured to determine one ormore parameters for the odorant component of FIGS. 25A-B. Theparameter(s) may include a scent intensity when the user is inside thebox 2504, dimensions of the box (e.g., length, width, and height),and/or an offset of the box (e.g., relative to a scent generatingasset). The offset may indicate an offset of the geometry relative tothe object 2502. The offset may be indicated by a vector originating atthe object 2502. For example, an offset of (0, 0, 0) may indicate thatthe box is positioned such that the object 2502 is at the center of thebox 2504. In another example, an offset of (0, 1, 0) may indicate thatthe geometry is offset by 0 units along a first axis (e.g., x-axis), 1unit along a second axis (e.g., y-axis), and 0 units along a third axis(e.g., z-axis).

In some embodiments, the box geometry may be used for background scents.For example, the intensity for box geometry may be low to create an odorimpression of a background scent in an XR environment. In someembodiments, multiple boxes associated with different respective scentgenerating assets may overlap to generate an odor impression of thescents. For example, multiple boxes may overlap to define a region in anXR environment of multiple scents.

FIG. 26A shows a view 2600 of an odorant component with cone geometry,according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 26A, the odorantcomponent is associated with a scent generating asset 2602. For example,the odorant component may represent scent originating from the scentgenerating asset 2602. The odorant component includes an inner cone 2604and an outer cone 2606.

FIG. 26B shows a side view 2610 of the odorant component shown in FIG.26A, according to some embodiments. The view 2610 shows a direction 2612of scent dispersal from the scent generating asset 2602. The inner cone2604 and the outer cone 2606 may be used by the system to define regionsof scent intensity based on a measure of proximity of the user. In theexample of FIG. 26B, the scent intensity may be scaled according to anangular offset of the user from the direction of the scent. Thedirection of the scent may be defined by a vector originating from theobject 2602. For example, a vector of (0, 3, 0) may indicate a vector 3units in length along a y-axis originating at the object 2602. Thesystem may store a maximum intensity for the odorant component (e.g.,specified by a value between 0 to 255, or a value between 0 and 1). Thesystem may adjust the maximum intensity based on the relative locationof the user to the odorant component determined from the measure ofproximity (e.g., angular offset from the direction vector 2612 and/ordistance from scent generating asset 2602). When the user is within theinner cone 2604, the system may output the maximum intensity (e.g.,encode the maximum intensity value in a command). When an angle of theuser is between the inner cone 2604 and the outer cone 2606, the systemmay (1) determine a scalar; and (2) apply the scalar to the maximumintensity to obtain an output intensity. For example, the system may usea linear function that outputs a value between 0 and 1 based on an angleof the user between the inner cone 2604 and the outer cone 2606. In thisexample, the function may output 1 when the user is located at theboundary of the inner cone 2604 and output 0 when the user is located atthe boundary of the outer cone 2606. In some embodiments, the system mayuse a non-linear function for determining a scalar, as embodiments arenot limited in this respect. The system may output the scaled intensityvalue (e.g., by encoding the scaled intensity value in a command).

In some embodiments, the system may be configured to determine one ormore parameters for the odorant component of FIGS. 26A-B. Theparameter(s) may include a maximum intensity, an inner cone angle, andan outer cone angle. In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may includeparameters defining one or more functions for determining a scalar. Forexample, the parameters may include a slope and intercept of a linearfunction for calculating a scalar as a function of angle of the userfrom the direction vector 2612. As an illustrative example, the geometrymay have an inner cone angle of 10 degrees from the direction vector2612 and an outer cone angle of 45 degrees from the direction vector2612. When a user is 10 degrees or less from the direction vector 2612,the scalar may have a value of 1. When the user is between 10 degreesand 45 degrees (i.e., e.g., between the inner cone 2604 and outer cone2606), the scalar may be determined as a function (e.g., a linearfunction) of the user's angle (e.g., in degrees). When the user isbeyond the 45 degrees (i.e., outside of the outer cone 2606), the scalarmay be 0. In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may include parametersdefining a scalar based on a distance of the user from the object 2602.For example, the parameters may include a slope and intercept of afunction for calculating the scalar.

In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may include an offset of thegeometry. The offset may indicate an offset of the geometry relative tothe object 2602. For example, an offset of (0, 0, 0) may indicate thatthe apex of the cones is positioned at the center of the object 2602. Inanother example, an offset of (0, 1, 0) may indicate that the geometryis offset by one unit (e.g., of distance) in a direction (e.g., along ay-axis) from the object 2602.

In some embodiments, the system may be configured to use the odorantcomponent with cone geometry (e.g., as illustrated in FIGS. 26A-B) whenthe user intentionally smells a scent generating asset. For example, thesystem may use an odorant component with cone geometry to representscent experienced by the user when deliberately smelling an object in anXR environment. The cones may define regions of scent diffusion when theuser is smelling the object.

FIG. 27A shows a view 2700 of an odorant component with multiplespherical particles, according to some embodiments. As shown in FIG.27A, the odorant component is associated with a scent generating asset2702. For example, the odorant component may represent scent originatingfrom an object in an XR environment. The odorant component has aplurality of particles including particles 2704, 2706, and 2708. In someembodiments, the particles (e.g., particles 2704-2708) may disperse fromthe scent generating asset 2702. For example, the particles may disperseradially throughout an environment from the scent generating asset 2702.

FIG. 27B shows an aerial view 2710 of the odorant component of FIG. 27A,according to some embodiments. As illustrated in the example of FIG.27B, each of the particles of the odorant component comprises an innersphere and an outer sphere. For example, the particle 2708 includes anouter sphere having an outer radius 2708A and an inner sphere having aninner radius 2708B. In some embodiments, each of the particles may havethe same dimensions. In some embodiments, each of the particles may havedifferent dimensions.

In some embodiments, a user may experience scent from the object 2702when the user is within an outer sphere of a particle of the odorantcomponent. In some embodiments, the system may determine an intensity ofone or more scents to be output (e.g., by olfactory stimulus system 102)according to a measure of proximity of the user to the object 2702. Thesystem may store a maximum intensity for the odorant component (e.g.,specified by a value between 0 to 255, or a value between 0 and 1). Thesystem may use a function to adjust the maximum intensity based on therelative location of the user to a particle of the odorant componentdetermined from the measure of proximity. When the user is within theinner sphere of a particle (e.g., 2708B), the system may output themaximum intensity (e.g., encode the maximum intensity value in acommand). When the user is between the inner sphere (e.g., 2708B) andthe outer sphere (e.g., 2708A), the system may (1) use a function todetermine a scalar; and (2) apply the scalar to the maximum intensity toobtain an output intensity. For example, the function may be a linearfunction that outputs a value between 0 and 1 based on a relativelocation of the user between the inner sphere 2708B and the outer sphere2708A. In this example, the function may output 1 when the user islocated at the boundary of the inner sphere 2708B and output 0 when theuser is located at the boundary of the outer sphere 2708A. In someembodiments, the system may use a non-linear function for determining ascalar, as embodiments are not limited in this respect. The system mayoutput the scaled intensity value (e.g., by encoding the scaledintensity value in a command).

In some embodiments, the system may determine one or more parameters forthe odorant component of FIGS. 27A-B. The parameter(s) may include amaximum intensity, radius of an inner sphere(s), and/or radius of anouter sphere(s). In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may includeparameters defining a function for determining a scalar. For example,the parameters may include a slope and intercept of a linear functionfor calculating a scalar as a function of radial distance of the userfrom the inner sphere. In some embodiments, the parameter(s) may includeparameters indicating a movement of the particles (e.g., in an XRenvironment). For example, the parameter(s) may include a velocity,acceleration, and/or deceleration of the particles. In some embodiments,the system may be configured to use an odorant component with multipleparticles for generating an odor impression of scent dispersing indifferent directions. For example, the system may use the odorantcomponent illustrated in FIGS. 27A-B to generate an odor impression froma fire in an XR environment (e.g., as shown in FIG. 22).

FIG. 28A shows a view 2800 of an odorant component with expandingspherical geometry. The view 2800 shows a scent generating asset 2802and a location 2804 from which the spherical geometry of the odorantcomponent will expand. The odorant component 2804 may be placedproximate the scent generating asset 2802. In some embodiments, thesystem may cause the odorant sphere to expand in response to detectionof an action in an XR environment. As an illustrative example, thesystem may trigger the expansion in response to detecting that the userhas opened a trash can. The system may execute a function to trigger theexpansion.

FIG. 28B shows an aerial view 2810 of the expanding geometry of theodorant component. As shown in FIG. 28B, the sphere expands from thelocation of the burst 2804 as indicated by the radial arrow. The radius2804A of the sphere expands as indicated by the dotted lines. In someembodiments, the rate of expansion may be specified by an effusion rate(e.g., in meters/second). In some embodiments, the odorant component mayinclude one or more parameters indicating properties of the odorantcomponent. The parameter(s) may include an effusion rate indicating arate of expansion. The parameter(s) may include an offset indicating anoffset of the burst location relative to the scent generating asset2802. For example, the parameter(s) may include an offset vector (0, 1,0) indicating a location of the burst location 2804 relative to thescent generating asset 2802 that is one unit along a y-axis originatingat the scent generating asset 2802. Although the example of FIG. 28Bshows the location of the burst offset from the location of the scentgenerating asset 2802, the system may additionally and/or alternativelyuse a location of the scent generating asset 2802 as the location of theburst.

In some embodiments, an odorant component may include one or moreparameters indicating a rate of decay of scent for the odorantcomponent. For example, the parameter(s) may indicate an exponentialfunction at which the intensity of a scent decays with respect to time.In some embodiments, an odorant component may include a respectivefunction which the system may use to determine an intensity. Thefunction may include one or more inputs determined by the system usingparameters of the odorant component and a measure of proximity of theuser. For example, a function may be a product of one or more scalarsand a maximum intensity.

Odorant components described herein are provided for illustrativepurposes. In some embodiments, the system may use other odorantcomponents not described herein. Parameters of odor components describedherein are provided for illustrative purposes. In some embodiments, odorcomponents may include parameters in place of and/or in place ofparameters described herein.

FIG. 29 shows a view 2900 of an olfactory epithelium 2902 locatedproximate an odorant component 2906, according to some embodiments. Theolfactory epithelium 2902 may represent a user (e.g., in an XRenvironment). For example, the system may use the location of theolfactory epithelium 2902 in an XR environment for generating an odorexpression (e.g., by determining spatial characteristics and/orgenerating a command to render the odor expression). In the example ofFIG. 29, the olfactory epithelium 2902 is located proximate a sphericalodorant component 2906 associated with a scent generating asset 2904. Asthe olfactory epithelium 2902 is located outside of the outer sphere ofthe odorant component 2906, the system may determine that no scent is tobe output (e.g., by determining an intensity value of 0). If theolfactory epithelium 2902 were to enter the outer sphere of the odorantcomponent 2906, the system may determine an intensity value greater than0 for an odor expression (e.g., as described with reference to FIGS.24A-B).

Scent Mechanics

Spectrum of Odorant Appeal

Humans are born with a neutral disposition to almost every odorant. Infact, babies love every smell with the exception of irritants andcertain toxic chemicals. Most of our attraction to (or aversion of)smells is learned behavior. Some of these learned behaviors arecultural, some are taught to us by family and peers, while others arefrom personal experience. These very personal and very subjectiveexperiences create scent/memory associations that are very powerful andcan include everything from fond memories of Grandma's chocolate cake onone end of the spectrum to violence and sexual trauma on the other endof the spectrum. We can never know how an individual will react to aparticular odorant or set odorants and they might not either; however,there are some assumptions we can make about what is appealing and notappealing to the general public that is backed up by scientific andanecdotal evidence. We can classify odors on two ends of a spectrum:“Inviting” or “Warning.”

5 Phases of Olfaction

The process of olfaction is fascinating and complex. It begins outsideour bodies independent of us, biochemically stimulates our OEsubconsciously, and ends in extremely personal thoughts, emotions andbehaviors. It is important to recognize the distinct phases that takeplace during olfaction and the moment our experience crosses fromexternal, to internal, to cognitive, then to behavioral. TheArchitecture of Scent breaks this process into 5 phases:

Release of Odorant:

Most things in our world smell. That is to say they contain at least asmall amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) that, due to theirphysical properties, are always evaporating into the air. Even thingslike metal that, technically speaking, contain no VOCs (and so cannothave an odor) generally have collected dirt, oil or some organicmaterial that can produce an odor. Odorants vary in size but are almostalways too small to see and usually fall in the range of a single orcluster of molecules about 6 nanometers in diameter.

Stimulation of the Olfactory Epithelium:

When one or a number of these odorant molecules enter the nose or themouth they are likely to collide with the olfactory epithelium. Thereare thousands of tiny hairs (cilia) that can sense the presence of anodorant and send an electrochemical signal through the OE to the limbicsystem in our brains that translates the signal.

Perception of Odor by Brain:

When the brain receives the signal through the OE generated by theodorant, it interprets the signal and gives it meaning. Generallyspeaking, the area of our brain responsible for interpreting the meaningof these odorants operates on a subconscious level and, although theycan influence our cognition and behavior, we may not be consciouslyaware of the affect. There are 3 categories of olfactory motivation:social, environmental, gustatory.

Cognition of Odor:

The area of our brain that processes odor also processes memory andemotion, therefore most odorants either create or reference a “scentmemory.” When an odorant is in high enough concentration, is dangerous,or memorable, our cognitive brains become aware of its presence and itbecomes “recognizable”

Behavior Based on Odor:

Whether or not we are cognitively aware of the odor it will still affectour thoughts, feelings and behavior. Sometimes subtly and sometimesdramatically. The smell of bacon cooking might stimulate hunger, thesmell of rotting food will stimulate disgust and the imperceptible smellof pheromones may cause lust and attraction. Odor influences thoughtsand thoughts influence behavior.

Proximity Based Scent Algorithms

AMBIENT: An ambient smell is one that is representative of the overallenvironment. Ambient scents are usually low-level output and follow theundulating algorithm. Due to the potential long length of time the usermay be exposed to an ambient smell, special consideration must be takento limit olfactory fatigue or oversaturation of airspace.

BURST/PROXIMITY: A burst scent is associated with an asset and willtrigger when the user breaches the exterior of the sphere of influenceand increase or decrease proportionally to the nucleus of the asset. Thestrength tends to be medium level intensity and follow the “bell curve”type of dispersion. A patchwork of burst smells may create a layeredaromatic effect for maximum immersion. Burst smells are generally notitems that are immediately identified as interactable but thecombination of visual, olfactory and auditory cues can lead the user tothe conclusion that they would like to interact. Burst smells can pavethe way for a specific smell interaction.

SPECIFIC: A specific smell only occurs when a user deliberatelyinteracts with an asset with the INTENTION of bringing it close to thenose and smelling it. Brain activity is very different when a user is“smelling with intention.” Specific smells are usually the most potentand shortest duration and follow the logarithmic curve. Due to the highintensity of specific smells it is important to take specialconsideration that the smells rarely fall on the repulsive end of the“appeal” spectrum.

FIG. 23 shows a graph 2300 of scent intensity with respect to time forvarious proximity algorithms. As shown in FIG. 23, each proximityalgorithm mimics the way we naturally perceive odors and areself-adjusting based on proximity to the asset. An ambient proximityalgorithm has a wave-like profile. A burst has a parabolic profile inwhich the intensity increases during a first time period and thendecreases during a second time period after the first time period. Aspecific proximity algorithm has an increasing intensity where a rate ofincrease over a first time period (e.g., 0 to 20 seconds) is greaterthan a rate of increase of a second time period (e.g., 20 seconds to 60seconds) subsequent to the first time period.

Intensity Protocol

MINIMUM DETECTABLE THRESHOLD (MDT): This value is measured in parts permillion (ppm) and is based on biochemical studies as well as fromcontrolled studies using organoleptic feedback. This number is generallybelow the level that is consciously detectable in humans but can stillinfluence behavior due to the electrochemical signals produced when andodorant molecule stimulates the olfactory epithelium.

JBN (just barely noticeable): This value is the relationship between theppm and subjective olfactory reporting. In certain cases, the ppm valuemay be the same as the MDT and on other occasions it may be much higher(user dependent). This is the moment when a user notices a very faintodor but is not able to identify it. As is the case with the MDT, thequantity of odor is not necessarily linked to its influence on behaviorand emotion.

MINIMUM RECOGNIZABLE THRESHOLD: This value is the relationship betweenthe ppm and the ability of the user to recognize that there is mostcertainly an odor and also identify what that odor is. The user willmost likely not be able to identify the exact profile of the odor butrather recognize the family/category of the order (egfruity/smoky/rancid) and give a subjective opinion on the attractivenessof the odor.

MAXIMUM THRESHOLD: Unlike sound and touch, humans' ability to perceiveodor does not perpetually increase based on the amount of odorant theolfactory epithelium (OE) is exposed to. There is a maximum threshold atwhich point the user will cease to experience a higher intensity of odorno matter what the volume of odorant introduced to the OE. This numberhas been scientifically classified at between 10 and 50 times the MDTnumber which leaves a rather small window to work within. It should benoted that when the maximum threshold of an odorant is reached, it isgenerally unpleasant to the user and can cause irritation, pain andunwanted stimulation of the trigeminal nervous system.

In some embodiments and discussed in Appendix A, one or more parametersused to adjust how scents are being delivered to a human in anenvironment may be used to control one or more sent delivery mechanisms.As described further below, one or more aerosol generators may be usedto generate one or more scents that can be perceived by human, such aswithin an AR/VR environment, within a controlled medical environment,and entertainment forum, or the like. In some embodiments, parametersrelating to an intensity protocol and how the sent is delivered to auser over time may be used as control for operating one or more aerosolgenerators. In an AR/VR environment, a framework may be provided forassociating odors to particular objects or places within theenvironment. Also, programming tools may be provided that defines howand at what distances an odor occurs within the environment. Forexample, there may be provided one or more functions that define howodors are released by aerosol generators associated with an AR or VRsystem. In one example including a computer game, thresholds, distances(e.g. radius definitions), and other parameters may be used to determinewhat distances odors can be perceived within an AR/VR environment. Inone implementation, depending on a location of a user within the AR/VRenvironment, the system may determine a distance from an element withinthe AR/VR environment, and render a scent based on that perceiveddistance and/or relative location of the user from the object. Scentsmay also be released according to various patterns, intensities, and indifferent combinations, depending on one or more programming constructs.Such controls of scent within the environment may be coupled with otheroutput, such as changes in an AR/VR display (e.g., a display of a puffof smoke, simmering of an apple pie, or other display element), hapticfeedback, audio or some other output. To achieve such controlcapability, one or more software controls may be provided forprogrammers and/or systems to control the performance of one or moreaerosol generators.

Olfactory Function Categories

Smell influences our behavior in many small ways but scientists agreethat they can all be classified into 3 broad categories: Gustatory,Social & Environmental. The relationship is bidirectional meaning thatodorants can illicit behavior and cognition within the 3 categories butwe may also use cognitively and behaviorally seek out odorants tofulfill needs within the categories.

GUSTATORY: Our sense of smell is extremely fine tuned to give usinformation about what we eat and drink. Our noses can lead us greatdistances to find food and before it ever enters our mouth ourretronasal olfaction can tell us how nourishing and safe it is to eat.Once in the mouth, retronasal olfaction kicks in and we receive evenmore information about the composition of the food and our body respondsappropriately. Our retronasal works almost like a failsafe to ensure ifwe encounter any questionable odor while chewing we can still spit outthe food and avoid ingesting any microbes or dangerous chemicals.

SOCIAL: from physical and sexual attraction to family and communitybonds olfaction plays a large role. Although pheromones have nonoticeable smell of their own, they are still strong chemical indicatorsand can have a powerful effect on cognition and behavior.

ENVIRONMENTAL: The smells around us paint a picture that our eyes andears cannot do on their own. By recognizing odorants in the air atconcentrations sometimes as low as a single part per billion we caninstantly assess dangerous or favorable environmental conditions andreact appropriately.

Glossary of Terms for Architecture of Scent

VOC: Volatile Organic Compound

ODORANT: the term for VOC that triggers an electrochemical signal in theolfactory epithelium

ODOR: the term for the sensation experienced when an odorant triggers anelectrochemical signal in the olfactory epithelium

FAMILY: odorant families are determined by the common molecular makeupof VOC groups (ege.g. contains hexane)

ODOR DESCRIPTION: these are subjective qualities that we generallyassociate with this odor family

ORGANOLEPTIC: in general, having to do with the sense organs. For OVRpurposes, the objective impression of a human when exposed to an odor

DIFFUSIVE STRENGTH: objective calculation by combining the molecularweight of the VOCs and their vapor pressure at room temperature. Vaporpressure is calculated by the tendency of a VOC to “Evaporate” withinstandard temperatures at 1 atmospheric pressure.

OVERALL IMPACT: a function of diffusive strength and organolepticsensitivity. It can be changed by adjusting one or both or by the degreeof interaction the subject has with their surroundings (passive vsactive)

ODOR DETECTION THRESHOLD: the minimum ppm quantity of an odorantmaterial that stimulates the olfactory epithelium enough to trigger aconscious reaction. Measured as just barely noticeable (JBN) orconscious.

ODOR RECOGNITION THRESHOLD: the minimum ppm of an odorant material thatis recognizable without prompting

MASS MEDIAN AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER (MMAD): this is the average diameter ofthe particle size released by the device.

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: this is the area around an in-game asset that willtrigger the scent algorithm to activate.

INTERIOR/EXTERIOR DIAMETER: protocols within a sphere of influence thatchange the scent algorithm from one to another.

OLFACTORY FATIGUE (also referred to as “adaptation”): reduction in thesensitivity to odors inversely proportional to time exposed. The longerwe are exposed, the less we perceive the smell

TRIGEMINAL NERVE: the system of nerves that sense/respond to temperature

CHEMOSENSORY: those senses such as smell and taste that translatemolecular information into experience and behavior

Example Implementations

One example use of such a device according to various embodimentsincludes aerosol generation of scented liquids (such as for an AR/VRapplication described in an example application), but it can also be forturning any liquid (e.g., aqueous and non-aqueous) into a mist.

In particular, the device is used to atomize scented material, i.e., theability to turn scented liquids into mist using vibration andmicro-pores to allow the scent permeate in the air in specificquantities.

In other examples, the device may be used to atomize media such asliquid forms of cannabis into aerosol for inhalation: For instance,liquid forms of cannabis or cbd oils, waters or other aqueous solutionsmay be atomized and inhaled by users. Other media that may be used couldinclude emulsions, solutions, mixtures, and inclusions. In such a case,the generator device may be part of a larger delivery mechanism (e.g.,an e-cigarette, vaporizer, or other device) that allows users to inhaleatomized liquids or other media types.

In some other applications, the device may be used for dispersingmedical liquids (e.g., dispersing certain medicines in an atomized formfor inhalation using conventional VMT technology. For instance, VMTdevices used in nebulizers could be adapted using some of theembodiments described herein for that purpose.

Some other applications include:

-   -   Gel to liquid conversion—Certain theoretic gels have attributes        where vibration turns them from a gel into a liquid which would        allow for atomization through the device. This could be used        primarily to do gel coatings as after vibration, the liquid        would coalesce back into a gel.    -   Volatile liquid atomization (e.g., for alcohol, ethanol,        gasoline, Benzine)—For instance, it may be beneficial to able to        atomize various less common liquids for reasons like combustion        engines.    -   Water humidification

In some embodiments, the size specification for the device may berelatively small, especially in applications where multiple devices maybe used in parallel, such as within a larger device. Other applications(such as an e-cigarette application), the permitted dimension and/or maybe limited to a relatively small form factor. Other applications may usea larger form factor, such as a large mist “cannon” that could be usedto vaporize large amounts of water or scent or used as part of anengine.

One implementation includes a tube having a rectangular or square inshape. In some conventional piezo elements, they may use apinching/squeezing mechanism to deliver liquids, however, in someembodiments as disclosed herein, a medium (e.g., a liquid) isaerosolized is via perpendicular acoustical waves induced by a piezoelement.

In some implementations, there are a few ways that the medium can comeinto contact with the plate.

-   -   Free in housing—The liquid is just free in the tube and capped        at the end opposite the aperture plate end to seal inside. The        vibration pattern forces the liquid in contact with the plate.    -   Wick—A wick is placed in the tube and capped in with the liquid        to force the correct capillary action to move the liquid to        plate in conjunction with the vibration. In some embodiments,        the wick may be shaped to fill the area within the tube (e.g., a        rectangular, tubular, or square shape). In some implementations,        the wick element may be a replaceable item, and may be        accessible to be replaced. The wick may also be part of or        coupled to a reservoir that holds liquid to be dispersed. The        wick may be, in some embodiments, bidirectional or        unidirectional wicking material made out of, for example,        natural fibers and/or synthetic fibers including cotton,        polyethylene, nylon, metal, graphene, among others.    -   Cartridge—A cartridge of custom design is inserted into the back        to the tube with a connection point to the tube and plate. The        cartridge may, or may not, use a wick or material that has a        wicking property.

It should be appreciated that there are other applications of thistechnology and the invention is not limited to the examples providedherein. For example, some embodiments may be used in generalentertainment, which could be movies or other experiences. Additionally,some embodiments may be applied to areas such as travel, business,education/training, telepresence, and meditation.

Having thus described several aspects of at least one embodiment of thisinvention, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications,and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Suchalterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part ofthis disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope ofthe invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings areby way of example only.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for generating odor impressions for auser in an extended reality (XR) environment, the system comprising: aprocessor; a memory storing instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, cause the processor to perform a scent generating functioncomprising: determine spatial characteristics of an odor impression thatis to be generated in the XR environment; generate at least one commandfor generating the odor impression based on the spatial characteristics;and transmit the at least one command to a controller, wherein the atleast one command, when executed by the controller, causes thecontroller to generate the odor impression for the user in the XRenvironment.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein determining spatialcharacteristics of the odor impression comprises determining an odorantcomponent in the XR environment.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein theodorant component comprises virtual geometry in the XR environment. 4.The system of claim 3, wherein the virtual geometry is invisible to theuser in the XR environment.
 5. The system of claim 3, whereindetermining spatial characteristics of the odor impression comprisesdetermining one or more dimensions of the virtual geometry; andgenerating the at least one command comprises determining a scentintensity based on the one or more dimensions of the virtual geometry.6. The system of claim 2, wherein the odorant component comprises afunction for calculating a scalar; and generating the at least onecommand comprises: using the function to determine the scalar; anddetermining a scent intensity based on the scalar.
 7. The system ofclaim 1, wherein: determining spatial characteristics of the odorimpression comprises determining an indication of scent diffusiondirection from a scent generating asset in the XR environment; andgenerating the at least one command comprises determining a scentintensity based on the indication of scent diffusion direction.
 8. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein: determining spatial characteristics of theodor impression comprises determining a measure of proximity of the userto a scent-generating asset in the XR environment; and generating the atleast one command comprises determining a scent intensity based on themeasure of proximity of the user to the scent-generating asset in the XRenvironment.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein generating the at leastone command for generating the odor impression based on the spatialcharacteristics comprises: determining, based on the spatialcharacteristics, a scent intensity to be output to the user; andencoding the scent intensity in the at least one command.
 10. The systemof claim 1, wherein generating the at least one command comprisesencoding an identification of at least one scent to be output in the atleast one command.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the XR environmentcomprises an environment of a virtual reality (VR) system, a multimediasystem, an entertainment system, a fragrance delivery system, a reactivechemistry system, an advertising system, a medicine delivery system,and/or a skin care system.
 12. A method for generating odor impressionsin an extended reality (XR) environment, the method comprising: using aprocessor to perform a scent generating function comprising: determiningspatial characteristics of an odor impression that is to be generated inthe XR environment; generating at least one command for generating theodor impression based on the determined spatial characteristics; andtransmitting the at least one command to a controller, wherein the atleast one command, when executed by the controller, causes thecontroller to generate the odor impression for the user in the XRenvironment.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein determining spatialcharacteristics of the odor impression comprises determining an odorantcomponent in the XR environment, wherein the odorant component comprisesvirtual geometry in the XR environment.
 14. The method of claim 13,wherein determining spatial characteristics of the odor impressioncomprises determining one or more dimensions of the virtual geometry;and generating the at least one command comprises determining a scentintensity based on the one or more dimensions of the virtual geometry.15. The method of claim 12, wherein: determining spatial characteristicsof the odor impression comprises determining a measure of proximity ofthe user to a scent-generating asset in the XR environment; andgenerating the at least one command comprises determining a scentintensity based on the measure of proximity of the user to thescent-generating asset.
 16. The method of claim 12, wherein: determiningspatial characteristics of the odor impression comprises determining anindication of scent diffusion direction from a scent generating asset inthe XR environment; and generating the at least one command comprisesdetermining a scent intensity based on the indication of scent diffusiondirection.
 17. A system for generating odor impressions, the systemcomprising; a memory storing instructions; a processor; a plurality ofscent generators comprising respective scented mediums; and a controllercoupled to the plurality of scent generators; wherein: the instructions,when executed by the processor, cause the processor to perform a scentgenerating function comprising: generate at least one command forgenerating an odor impression of a scent; and transmit the at least onecommand to the controller; and the controller is configured to: controlone or more of the plurality of scent generators according to the atleast one command to generate the odor impression of the scent.
 18. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein generating the at least one commandcomprises encoding one or more scent intensities in the at least onecommand.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein generating the at least onecommand comprises encoding a duration for each of the one or more scentintensities in the at least one command.
 20. The system of claim 17,wherein generating the at least one command comprises encoding anidentification of the scent in the at least one command.
 21. The systemof claim 17, wherein controlling the one or more of the plurality ofscent generators to generate the odor impression comprises: generatingone or more control signals for the one or more scent generatorsaccording to the at least one command; and inputting the one or morecontrol signals to the one or more scent generators.
 22. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the one or more scent generators comprise at least twoscent generators.
 23. The system of claim 17, wherein the controllercomprises a driver element configured to translate the at least onecommand into one or more electrical signals to control the one or morescent generators.
 24. The system of claim 17, wherein the plurality ofscent generators comprise a plurality of aerosol generators.
 25. Thesystem of claim 17, wherein the controller is configured to: storeinstructions for generating the scent; and control the one or more scentgenerators to generate the odor impression of the scent by executing theinstructions for generating the scent.